Chronicle of Nietzsche's Life

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Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 355 an d hi s lac k o f espri t d e corp s wer e regarde d a s a lac k o f character , an d I recal l ho w on e da y a certai n M. , wh o wa s takin g a leisurel y strol l throug h th e schoo l garden , discreed y an d t o th e grea t amusemen t o f a grou p o f bystanders , produce d a jumpin g jac k tha t wa s cu t ou t an d assemble d fro m a photograp h o f Nietzsche . Luckil y m y frien d neve r learne d o f this. " N . drink s fou r pint s o f bee r o n a n outin g wit h friend s i n th e ba r o f th e Köse n trai n statio n an d return s t o Pfort a drunk . A s a result , h e i s demote d from first i n hi s class , an d forfeit s hi s positio n a s monito r o f th e younge r fello w students . H e write s t o hi s mother , overwhelme d wit h remorse : “Writ e m e a s soo n a s yo u ca n an d b e stric t wit h me , becaus e I deserv e it ” Associate s wit h Erns t Ordepp , a vagran t poet . N . record s severa l o f Ordepp’ s poem s o n lov e an d anguis h i n hi s diary : “No w tha t I n o longe r hav e you , / I wil l soo n b e i n m y grave. ” Shortl y thereafte r Ordep p i s foun d dea d i n a ditch . A n excerp t o f N.' s lette r t o hi s mothe r o n Septembe r 6 : “Th e autum n an d it s chill y ai r drov e awa y th e nightingales… . Bu t th e ai r i s s o crys - tallin e an d yo u ca n ge t suc h a clea r vie w o f th e heaven s tha t th e wod d lie s nake d befor e you r eyes . I f I thin k fo r a momen t abou t wha t I want , I loo k fo r word s t o a melod y I hav e an d a melod y t o word s I have , an d th e tw o simpl y d o no t matc h up , althoug h the y bot h cam e from m y soul . Bu t tha t i s m y destiny! ” 1864 Whil e stil l a t Pforta , N . write s hi s first majo r essa y o n classica l philology . Th e topi c i s Theognis . Effusiv e prais e from hi s teachers . N . think s oth - erwise : “A m I satisfie d wit h it ? No , no. ” August : Take s hi s universit y entranc e examination . October : Begin s studyin g theologica l an d classi - ca l philolog y i n Bonn . N . rent s a pian o an d join s th e “Franconia ” frater- nity . Attend s lecture s b y Friedric h Ritsch L Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 356 1865 February: “ I hav e definitel y setde d o n philology. ” Involuntar y visi t t o a brothel . Lette r t o hi s mother : “M y recen t experience s hav e bee n limite d t o enjoyin g th e arts. ” N.’ s fraternit y brother s cal l hi m ‘loony " becaus e “wheneve r h e wa s no t o n campus , h e coul d usuall y b e foun d a t hom e studyin g an d playin g music ” N . avoid s th e carniva l i n Cologne . Semeste r brea k i n Naumburg . Quarre l wit h hi s mothe r becaus e N . refuse s t o tak e communion . Retur n t o Bonn . Submit s t o a due l a s a rite o f passage . A witnes s reports : “Th e tw o adversarie s bumble d aroun d directin g blow s t o thei r bandage d arm s fo r th e cours e o f eleve n minutes . Nietzsch e go t a superficia l cu t o n th e bridg e o f hi s nos e tha t wa s abou t tw o centimeter s long. ” Clos e friendshi p wit h Ca d vo n Gersdorf f an d Erwi n Rohde . N . i s disguste d wit h th e “bee r materialism ” o f th e Franconia . Leave s Bonn . ’ Ί fle d fro m Bon n lik e a refugee. “ Switc h t o Leipzig , wher e hi s favorit e teacher , Ritschl , ha d accepte d a professorship . October: Th e Schopenhaue r experience . ” A nee d fo r self-knowledg e an d eve n self-doub t too k hol d o f m e wit h grea t force . M y troubled , melan - chol y diar y entrie s o f tha t tim e wit h thei r poindes s self-accusation s an d thei r desperat e searc h fo r sanctit y an d transformatio n o f th e entir e cor e o f mankin d ar e testimon y t o thi s chang e o f oudook. " Foundin g o f th e “Philologica l Club. ” N . give s u p tobacc o an d alcohol , bu t become s a reg - ula r a t th e pastr y shop , wher e h e consume s larg e quantitie s o f cake s an d pies . 1866 Length y hike s i n th e vicinit y o f Leipzig . Describe s a stor m a s follows : “Ho w differen t th e lightning , th e storm , th e hail , free powers , withou t ethics ! Ho w happy , ho w powerfu l the y are , pur e will , untarnishe d b y intellect! ” (April) . Admire s Bismarc k an d declare s hi s solidarit y a s a n “enrage d Prussian ” (July) . Write s abou t Bismarck’ s militar y policy : “Ultimatel y thi s Prussia n manne r o f gettin g rid o f prince s i s a s eas y a s ca n be ” (July) . N . describe s hi s reactio n t o Prussia’ s “nationa l program ” Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 357 t o Gersdorf E “I f i t fails , le t u s hop e tha t w e bot h hav e th e hono r o f fallin g o n th e battlefield , struc k b y a Frenc h bullet. ” Read s Emerso n an d Friedric h Alber t Lange . 1867 Work s o n “D e fondbu s Diogni s Laertii. ” Write s t o Deussen : “Yo u can - no t imagin e ho w personall y beholde n I a m t o Ritsehl ; I canno t an d ma y no t tea r mysel f away ” (Apri l 4) . Hi s wil l t o styl e awakens : “Th e scale s hav e falle n fro m m y eyes . I hav e bee n livin g i n stylisti c innocenc e fo r fa r to o long . Th e categorica l imperativ e Tho u shal t an d mus t write ’ ha s rouse d me ” (Apri l 6) . Work s o n a stud y o f Democritus . Octobe r 31 : Hi s stud y o f Diogene s Laertiu s i s awarde d a priz e b y Leipzi g University . October 9, 1867, to October 15, 1868: One-yea r militar y servic e i n th e Naumbur g artillery . N . learn s t o ride an d t o fire cannons . 1868 March: Seriou s riding accident . Injur y t o hi s sternum . Intens e pain . Take s morphium . Drug-induce d dreams : ''Wha t I fea r i s no t th e dread - fu l figure behin d m y chair , bu t it s voice : no t s o muc h it s word s a s th e ter - rifyingly unarticulate d an d inhuma n ton e o f tha t figure. Yes , i f i t onl y spok e th e wa y peopl e speak! " June through August: Convalescenc e i n Wittekind , nea r Halle . N . make s plans ; h e woul d lik e t o loose n hi s ties t o philology : “Bu t I hav e a n unfor - tunat e weaknes s fo r Parisia n culture.. . an d woul d rathe r ea t ragou t tha n roas t beef . . . . Bu t perhap s I wil l find philologica l materia l tha t ca n b e treate d musically ” (Jul y 2) . October : Continue s hi s studie s i n Leipzig . November 8: Make s th e persona l acquaintanc e o f Richar d Wagne r a t th e Brockhau s residence . N . i s invite d t o Tribschen . Feeling s o f euphoria . 1869 February 12: Althoug h N . ha s no t finished hi s dissertatio n o r postgrad - uat e thesis , h e i s appointe d t o th e Universit y o f Base l a t th e urgin g o f Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 358 Ritschl . H e write s t o hi s mothe r an d sister : “Yo u ca n d o m e th e favo r o f lookin g fo r a servan t I ca n tak e along ” (February) . Relinquishe s hi s Prussia n citizenship . Finishe s hi s universit y studie s withou t examina - tio n o r defense . Take s leav e o f studen t life : “th e golde n day s o f free unconstraine d activity , th e sovereig n present , enjoymen t o f ar t an d th e worl d .. . ar e gon e forever. . . . Yes , yes ! No w I hav e t o b e a philistin e myself! ” (Apri l 11) . April 19: Arriva l i n Basel . May 17: Firs t visi t t o Richar d Wagne r an d Cosim a vo n Bülo w i n Tribschen , outsid e o f Lucerne . O n th e occasio n o f Wagner’ s birthda y (Ma y 22) , N . writes : “ I ow e i t t o yo u an d Schopenhaue r tha t I hav e s o fa r hel d fas t t o a Germani c seriousnes s o f purpos e an d a deepene d sens e o f thi s ver y enigmati c an d precariou s existence.” May 28: Inaugura l lecture : “O n Homer’ s Personality. ” Numerou s invita - tion s t o Basel’ s hig h society . Acquaintanc e wit h Jaco b Burckhardt . “Intelligen t eccentric ” Cosima ort M: “ a culture d an d pleasan t individual ” Frequen t weeken d visit s t o Tribschen . Wagne r persuade s N . t o giv e u p hi s stric t vegetaria n die t Christma s an d Ne w Year’ s i n Tribschen . 1870 January 18: Lectur e entide d “Gree k Musi c Drama. ” February : Lectur e calle d “Socrate s an d Tragedy. ” Wagne r comments : “ I a m worrie d abou t yo u an d hop e from th e botto m o f m y hear t tha t yo u don’ t brea k you r neck. ” H e advise s N . t o presen t hi s “incredibl e views ” i n a ‘larg e com - prehensiv e treatise. " Wagne r i s concerne d tha t “Schopenhauer’ s philos - oph y ultimatel y ha s a ba d influenc e o n suc h youn g peopl e becaus e the y appl y pessimism , whic h i s a for m o f thinkin g an d attitude , t o life , an d develo p a practica l despondency ” (Cosim a Wagner) . Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 359 N . i s enterprising : “Scholarship , art , an d philosoph y ar e no w growin g togethe r i n m e s o full y tha t someda y I a m sur e t o giv e birt h t o a cen - taur ” (Februar y 15) . Strike s u p a friendshi p wit h Fran z Overbec k (April) . Rohd e join s N . i n Tribsche n (Jun e 11) . “A s fa r a s Bayreut h i s concerned , I hav e considere d tha t i t woul d b e bes t fo r m e t o relinquis h m y professoria l dutie s fo r a fe w year s an d joi n th e pilgrimag e t o th e Fichtelgebirge ” (Jun e 19) . Whe n th e Franco-Prussia n Wa r begin s (Jul y 19) , N . i s a t wor k o n hi s essa y “Dionysia n Woddview. ” N . ask s t o b e grante d a leav e o f absenc e t o participat e i n th e wa r “a s a soldie r o r medica l ordedy. ” August 9 to October 21: Militar y servic e a s a medic . Gather s corpses an d wounde d soldier s o n a batdefield . Durin g a transpor t o f th e wounded , N . fall s il l wit h dysenter y an d diphtheria . Upo n hi s retur n t o Basel , N . writes : “Righ t no w I conside r Prussi a a highl y dangerou s powe r fo r art ” (Novembe r 7) . Christma s an d Ne w Year’ s i n Tribschen . Quit e harmonious . Present s Cosim a wit h a cop y o f hi s “Dionysia n Woddview. ” 1871 N . suffer s fro m insomnia . “I t i s difficul t t o ge t dow n t o m y rea l work , an d I a m throwin g awa y th e bes t year s o f m y lif e b y teachin g to o much ” (Januar y 21) . N . applie s fo r a philosoph y professorshi p i n Basel , bu t i s turne d dow n (February) . “ I hav e absolutel y n o compas s t o poin t m e towar d m y destiny ” (Marc h 29) . Conflagratio n o f th e Tuilerie s b y th e communard s stun s N. : “Wha t doe s i t mea n t o b e a schola r i n th e fac e o f suc h earthquake s o f culture!.. . I t i s th e wors t da y o f m y life ” (Ma y 27) . Wor k o n The Birth of Tragedy, Frequen t visit s t o Tribschen , bu t thi s yea r h e doe s no t g o a t Christmastime . Wagne r i s disappointed . 1872 January: The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music i s published . Wagne r i s enthusiastic . Write s t o Rohde : “ I hav e forme d a n allianc e wit h Wagner . Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 360 Yo u canno t imagin e ho w clos e w e ar e no w an d ho w full y ou r plan s mesh ” (Januar y 28) . Th e expert s i n hi s field rejec t th e book . Ritsch l call s i t “witt y carousing. ” January to March: Lecture s “O n th e Futur e o f Ou r Educationa l Institutions. ” Jaco b Burckhard t t o Arnol d vo n Salis : “Yo u shoul d hav e hear d th e thing s h e said ! Part s o f i t wer e quit e captivating , bu t yo u coul d discer n a dee p sadness ” (Apri l 21) . N . want s t o resig n fro m hi s profes - sorshi p an d wor k a s a publicis t fo r Bayreuth . Wagne r dissuade s him . Wagne r move s t o Bayreut h (April) . Ma y 22 : I n attendanc e a t th e cere - monia l layin g o f th e foundatio n ston e i n Bayreut h togethe r wit h hi s friend s Gersdorff an d Rohde . Wagne r t o N. : “Stricd y speaking , yo u ar e th e onl y benefi t apar t fro m m y wif e tha t lif e ha s brough t m y way. ” Wagne r doe s publicit y wor k fo r N . N . compose s hi s “Manfre d Meditations. ” Han s vo n Bülo w pronounce s the m “awful ” Lecture : “Homer’ s Contest. ” Christma s an d Ne w Year’ s i n Naumburg . 1873 Ν . i s frequently il l Rohd e publishe s a n essa y t o defen d The Birth of Tragedy (March) . N . studie s Afrika n Spir’ s Denken und Wirklichkeit (Though t an d Reality) . Work s o n “Philosoph y i n th e Tragi c Ag e o f th e Greeks. ” Ey e disease . N . dictate s “O n Trut h an d Falsehoo d i n a n Extramora l Sense ” t o hi s friend Gersdorf f (June) . N . work s o n th e first Untimely Meditation . Afte r rereadin g The Birth of Tragedy, Wagne r write s t o N . tha t h e anticipate s a tim e “whe n I wil l hav e t o defen d you r boo k agains t you ” (Septembe r 21) . N . i s despondent . “Onl y whe n I produc e somethin g a m I trul y health y an d d o I fee l well . Everythin g els e i s a ba d musica l interlude ” (Septembe r 27) . N . write s “Exhortatio n t o th e Germans ” fo r th e Wagne r Societ y o f Patron s (t o finance Bayreuth ) i n October . Th e societ y reject s th e tex t (“to o bold”) . Work s o n th e secon d Untimely Meditation. Christma s an d Ne w Year’ s i n Naumburg . Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 361 1874 January: Th e secon d Untimely Meditation i s published . Wagne r t o Ν. : “ I hav e onl y on e commen t fo r you : I fee l a wonderfu l sens e o f prid e tha t I n o longe r nee d t o provid e commentar y an d ca n leav e everythin g t o you. ” February : Davi d Friedric h Straus s dies . Ν. : “ I reall y hop e tha t I di d no t mak e th e en d o f hi s lif e mor e difficult , an d I hop e h e die d withou t knowin g anythin g abou t me.—I t doe s rathe r concer n me. ” Rohd e criticize s N.’ s styl e whe n aske d t o d o s o b y N. : “Yo u d o no t deduc e nead y enough… . I t seem s t o m e tha t yo u us e image s tha t ar e no t wel l chosen , an d ofte n downrigh t clumsy. ” Wagne r react s t o N.‘ s lament s abou t hi s ba d healt h an d matter s o f tha t sort : “H e need s t o ge t marrie d o r writ e a n opera . O f course , th e latte r woul d b e th e kin d tha t woul d neve r b e performed , an d tha t doe s no t lea d t o lif e either. ” N . t o Gersdorff : “I f yo u onl y kne w ho w disheartene d an d melanchol y I fee l abou t mysel f a s a productiv e individual l I a m lookin g onl y fo r a litd e freedo m an d a litd e o f th e rea l ai r o f life , an d I a m fight- in g of f an d rebellin g agains t th e many , unspeakabl y man y constraint s tha t I canno t shed ” (April) . N . o n th e functio n o f hi s Untimely Meditations: “ I no w hav e t o pul l everythin g polemica l negativ e hatefu l agonizin g ou t o f myself ” (Ma y 10) . July: Wor k o n th e thir d Untimely Meditation. N.’ s excommunicatio n b y hi s academi c field set s in : i n th e sprin g semeste r an d th e followin g fall , N . ha s onl y three , “incompetent ” students . Studie s Ma x Stirner . N . vote s fo r th e admissio n o f femal e student s int o th e doctora l progra m (July) . Hi s siste r temporaril y run s hi s househol d i n Basel . H e discusse s plan s fo r marriag e wit h hi s friend s an d hi s sister . Visi t t o Bayreut h (August) . Rouse s displeasur e becaus e h e rave s abou t Brahms . October : Th e thir d Untimely Meditation i s published . Christma s an d Ne w Year’ s i n Naumburg . Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 362 1875 N.’ s reactio n t o a Düre r engravin g h e receive s a s a gift : “ I rarel y enjo y pictoria l representations , bu t I fee l a rea l affinit y wit h Knight with Death andDeviL I ca n hardl y expres s ho w powerfu l thi s affinit y is ” (March) . April: N.‘ s siste r come s t o Base l t o liv e wit h him . Fran z Overbec k vacate s th e neighborin g apartmen t (know n a s Baumann’ s Cave) . N . plan s fifty essay s i n th e styl e o f th e Untimely Meditations, bu t hi s wor k o n th e essay s o n Wagne r an d philolog y doe s no t progress . “Horro r o f pub - lishing ” (Septembe r 26) . T o Rohde : ‘T f th e tim e shoul d com e tha t w e ar e togethe r fo r a n extende d perio d an d find tha t ou r live s becom e entwined , I shoul d wis h t o tel l yo u tha t everythin g i s a rea l par t o f ou r live s an d therefor e difficul t fo r m e t o shak e off " (Octobe r 7) . Make s th e acquaintanc e o f Köselit z (Octobe r 25) . Christma s an d Ne w Year’ s i n Basel . Quit e ill . 1876 To Gersdorff: “M y fathe r die d o f a n inflammatio n o f th e brai n a t ag e thirty-six . I t i s possibl e tha t i t wil l happe n t o m e eve n faster ” (Januar y 18) . Strike s u p a friendshi p wit h Pau l Rè e (February) . Precipitat e an d unsuccessfu l proposa l o f marriag e t o Mathild e Trampedac h (April) . Ν . draw s strengt h fro m readin g th e memoir s o f Malwid a vo n Meysenbug . T o Heinric h Romund t “No w tha t I a m bac k t o m y ol d self , I respect.. . mora l liberatio n an d insubordinatio n an d hat e everythin g tha t make s u s wor n dow n an d skeptical ” (April) . Pete r Gas t ( = Köselitz ) encourage s hi m t o finish hi s essa y o n Wagner . N . applie s fo r a leav e o f absenc e (May) . I t i s grante d a s o f th e fal l 187 6 semester . July 23: N . i n Bayreut h fo r th e first festival . 111 . Leave s fo r Klingenbrun n durin g th e rehearsals . Return s fo r th e performances . Disappointmen t wit h th e audienc e an d Wagner’ s lac k o f attentio n t o him . Make s hi s min d u p t o brea k wit h Wagner , wh o i s enthusiasti c abou t th e fourt h Untimely Meditation. Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 363 October to May 1877: Spend s time wit h Pau l Rè e i n Sorrent o a t th e hom e o f Malwid a vo n Meysenbug . Write s note s tha t ar e late r integrate d int o Human, All Too Human . N . become s awar e o f hi s “divergenc e from Schopenhauer’ s philosophy ” (December) . 1877 N . explain s t o Malwid a vo n Meysenbu g tha t h e i s aimin g a t “absolut e concentratio n o n on e singl e ide a tha t woul d becom e lik e a might y flam e t o scorch th e individual ” (April) . Cosim a write s t o Malwida : “ I thin k tha t ther e i s a dark , productiv e foundatio n i n Nietzsch e o f whic h h e i s him - sel f unaware ” (April) . N . consider s resignin g from hi s professorship . Hi s friends tr y t o dissuad e him . September: Retur n t o Basel . Ne w apartmen t wit h hi s sister . Illness . Extensio n o f hi s leav e from th e Pädagogium . Lecture s a t th e university . Work s o n Human, All Too Human . Thoroug h medica l examinatio n b y Dr . Eise r (October) : “I t ha s bee n determine d tha t m y eye s ar e almos t cer - tainl y th e sourc e o f m y sufferings , specificall y o f m y awfu l headaches. ” Hi s docto r forbid s hi m t o rea d an d writ e fo r severa l years . Richar d Wagne r learn s o f Eiser’ s diagnosi s an d write s th e docto r tha t i n hi s vie w th e caus e o f N.‘ s diseas e i s “masturbation, ” an d N.’ s “altere d wa y o f thinking ” i s a resul t o f “ a serie s o f unnatura l dissipation s wit h indica - tions o f pederasty. ” Whe n N . late r learn s o f thi s (probabl y no t unti l 1883) , h e categorize s Wagner’ s statemen t a s a “morta l insult ” 1878 January: Wagner’ s Parsifal arrives . N. : “I t i s al l to o Christia n .. . nothin g bu t fancifu l psycholog y .. . n o fles h an d muc h to o muc h bloo d . . . an d I d o no t lik e hysterica l women ” (Januar y 3) . Negotiation s fo r a pseu - donymou s publicatio n o f Human, All Too Human fal l apar t whe n th e publishe r refuse s t o g o alon g wit h thi s idea . Th e boo k i s publishe d i n April . Wagne r i s horrified . Cosima : “ I kno w tha t evi l ha s triumphe d here. ” Rohd e als o reject s th e book : “Ca n a perso n reall y discar d hi s sou l i n thi s wa y an d do n a differen t on e i n it s place? ” Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 364 June: Move s ou t o f hi s apartmen t wit h hi s siste r an d relocate s alon e t o a n apartmen t a t th e outskirt s o f th e city . N . i s hars h o n himself : h e want s t o pu t a n en d t o “metaphysica l obfuscatio n o f everythin g tha t i s tru e an d simple ” an d th e “batd e o f reaso n agains t reason. ” Quit e ill . Spend s th e Christma s holiday s i n Basel . A visito r reports : “Hi s whol e appear - anc e cu t m e t o th e quick. ” 1879 March: N . ha s t o cance l hi s lecture s becaus e o f illness . “Assorte d Opinion s an d Sayings ” (par t 1 o f volum e 2 o f Human, All Too Human) publishe d (March) . Submit s a lette r o f resignatio n t o th e Universit y o f Basel . N.’ s resignato n i s grante d wit h a n annua l pensio n o f 3,00 0 Swis s francs . N . begin s hi s nomadi c period . Spend s th e summe r i n S t Moritz . Fro m Septembe r t o Februar y 188 0 i n Naumburg . Ν . give s u p hi s pla n t o relocat e t o a towe r alon g th e Naumbur g tow n wal l an d t o plan t vegeta - bles . Physica l breakdown , bu t continue s wor k o n “Th e Wandere r an d Hi s Shadow. ” Th e volum e appear s i n December . 1880 “M y existenc e i s a n aitful burden —I woul d hav e dispense d wit h i t lon g ago , wer e i t no t fo r th e mos t illuminatin g test s an d experiment s I hav e bee n conductin g i n matter s o f min d an d moralit y .. . th e pleasur e I tak e i n m y thirs t fo r knowledg e bring s m e t o height s fro m whic h I triump h ove r al l tormen t an d despondency ” (January) . March to June: I n Venic e wit h Pete r Gast . Hi s stat e o f healt h improves . Afte r stop s i n Naumbur g an d Stresa , N . spend s hi s first winte r i n Geno a (Januar y t o Apri l 1881) . Work s o n Daybreak. Intensiv e stud y o f book s o n natura l science . Resolve s t o remai n o n hi s ow n fo r th e sak e o f hi s writing . 1881 Summer: Firs t visi t t o Sils-Maria . Daybreak i s publishe d (July) . Earl y August : th e concep t o f eterna l recurrence . N . ha s hi s grea t inspiration . Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 365 Write s t o Pete r Gast : “ I a m on e o f thos e machine s tha t ca n shatter! ” (Augus t 14) . T o Overbeck : “I t i s a commencemen t o f m y commence - ments—wha t stil l lie s befor e me ! O n me ! A t som e point , I wil l hav e n o choic e bu t t o vanis h fro m th e worl d formall y fo r a coupl e o f years , i n orde r t o delet e everythin g fro m m y memor y o f th e pas t an d al l o f m y interpersona l relationship s an d th e present , includin g friends , relatives , everything , everything ” (Augus t 20) . N . discover s hi s intellectua l affinit y t o Spinoza . Euphori a i s followe d b y dee p depression . Rohd e an d Gersdorf f fad e ou t o f hi s life . Geno a fro m Octobe r t o Marc h 1882 : N . attend s a performanc e o f Bizet’ s Carmen . Work s o n a seque l t o Daybreak, whic h become s The Gay Science . “W e hav e ha d th e mos t beautifu l weathe r lately , an d al l i n al l I hav e neve r ha d i t better . Ever y afternoo n I si t a t th e ocean . Becaus e ther e ar e n o clouds , m y hea d i s fre e an d I a m ful l o f goo d thoughts ” (Novembe r 18) . 1882 Th e beautifu l clea r weathe r last s throughou t th e mont h o f January. Work s o n The Gay Science: “Oh , wha t a time ! Oh , thes e miracle s o f th e beautifu l Januarius! ” (Januar y 29) . Pau l Rè e comes . The y visi t a casin o i n Monaco . Rè e lose s a larg e su m o f money . Becaus e o f problem s wit h hi s vision , N . ha s a typewrite r sen t t o him . I t break s afte r a fe w weeks . “Th e typewrite r i s a t first mor e intimidatin g tha n an y proces s o f writing ” (February) . I n Rome , Rè e meet s th e “Russia n woman ” (Lo u Salomé ) an d i s charme d b y her . H e suggest s tha t N . joi n them . N . travel s t o Messin a a s th e onl y passenge r o n a freighte r (April) . O n th e wa y back , h e meet s Lo u Salom é i n Rome . The y trave l togethe r bac k t o Orta , Basel , Lucerne , an d Zurich . N . propose s marriag e t o Salom é twice , bu t sh e turn s hi m dow n bot h times , first i n Rom e an d the n i n Zurich . Pla n fo r a ménag e à troi s o f Ν. , Rèe , an d Salomé . Ma y an d Jun e i n Naumburg . Augus t i n Tautenburg , first alon e an d the n wit h Salom é an d N.' s sister . Intens e discussions : Salomé : 4< W e hav e alway s chose n th e Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 366 mountai n goa t paths . I f somebod y ha d listene d i n o n ou r conversations , h e woul d hav e though t tha t tw o devil s wer e talking " (15,125 ; Chronik). Animosit y betwee n Salom é an d N.’ s siste r a s wel l a s betwee n N . an d hi s sister . I n Leipzig , N . compete s wit h Rè e fo r Salomé . Beginnin g o f thei r estrangemen t N.‘ s siste r scheme s agains t Salomé . Ν . is a t a complet e loss . H e doe s no t kno w wha t t o thin k o f Salomé . Winte r i n Sant a Margherit a an d Rapallo . Ν . feel s desperate . 1883 N . write s par t 1 o f Thus Spoke Zarathustra a s thoug h i n a trance , encour - age d b y a “whol e serie s o f absolutel y clea r days ” (lat e January) . February 13: Deat h o f Wagner . “Wagner’ s deat h affecte d m e terribly ” (lat e February) . N . temporaril y break s awa y from from hi s family . “ I d o no t lik e m y mother , an d hearin g m y sister’ s voic e annoy s me . I alway s fel l il l whe n I wa s wit h them ” (Marc h 24) . Reconciliatio n wit h hi s siste r i n Rom e (May) . Write s par t 2 o f Zarathustra i n Sils-Mari a (July) . Par t 1 i s publishe d i n lat e Augus t Dispute s flare whe n N . visit s hi s famil y i n September . Spend s th e winte r i n L a Spezia , Genoa , an d Nice . Work s o n par t 3 o f Zarathustra. Quite til: “ I don’ t kno w wha t t o d o wit h mysel f anymore ” (November) . T o Overbeck : ’Wheneve r i t occur s t o m e tha t I hav e n o on e wit h who m I ca n discus s th e futur e o f man , I alway s ge t furious—b y goin g withou t th e companionshi p o f like-minde d peopl e fo r suc h a lon g time , I hav e becom e ver y il l an d wounded “ (November) . 1884 I n Nice . Par t 2 o f Zarathustra i s publishe d (January) . Afte r som e initia l doubts , N . become s convince d tha t hi s Zarathustra i s a n epocha l work . Afte r finishing par t 3 , h e write s t o Overbeck : ’I t i s possibl e tha t fo r th e first tim e th e ide a ha s com e t o m e tha t wil l spli t mankin d i n two ” (Marc h Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 367 10) . Ne w conflict s wit h hi s sister : “Thi s curse d anti-Semiti c busines s .. . i s th e caus e o f a radica l break ” (Apri l 2) . Par t 3 o f Zarathustra i s pub - lishe d i n Apri l Apri l t o Ma y i n Venice . Concernin g hi s visi t t o Jaco b Burckhard t i n Basel : “Th e height o f m y enjoymen t wa s Burckhardt’ s embarrassmen t i n havin g t o tel l m e somethin g abou t Zarathustra: h e coul d onl y manag e t o sa y tha t I migh t tr y writin g a dram a sometime ” (Jul y 25) . Jul y t o Septembe r i n Sils-Maria .

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Work s o n par t 4 o f Zarathustra: “m y doctrin e tha t th e wod d o f goo d an d evi l i s onl y a n apparen t an d per - spectivis t wod d i s suc h a n innovatio n tha t sometime s I los e m y abilit y t o hea r o r see ” (Jul y 25) . Reconciliatio n wit h hi s mothe r an d siste r i n Zuric h (lat e September) . Visit s Gottfrie d Keller , wh o say s abou t N. : “ I thin k tha t fello w i s crazy. ” N.‘ s publishe r Schmeitzne r want s t o sel l th e publishin g rights t o N.’ s work s fo r 20,00 0 marks , bu t fail s t o find a buyer . N . spend s th e winte r i n Nice . 1885 N . complete s par t 4 o f Zarathustra , whic h i s printe d a s a privat e editio n fo r friend s an d acquaintances . N.‘ s siste r marrie s Bernhar d Förste r (May) . Ma y an d Jun e i n Venice . N . i s ill . “ I ca n stan d lif e i n th e morning , bu t b y th e afternoo n an d evenin g I ca n hardl y endur e it , an d i t eve n seem s t o m e tha t I hav e achieve d enougjb , unde r difficul t circumstances , t o b e abl e t o leav e wit h honor ” (May) . Summe r i n Sils-Maria . Th e pub - lishe r Schmeitzne r i s o n th e verg e o f bankruptcy . N . look s fo r a ne w publisher , hopin g t o ge t ou t o f Schmeitzner’ s “anti-Semiti c dump. ” Winte r i n Nice . 1886 N.' s siste r an d Förste r mov e t o Paragua y t o foun d a Germa n colony . N . write s Beyond Good and EviL H e stil l ha s n o publishe r fo r i t “becaus e i t i s a terribl e boo k tha t flowe d fro m m y sou l thi s time ” (Apri l 21) . I n June , h e see s Rohd e fo r th e first tim e i n years . Rohd e write s t o Overbeck : “A n Chronicle of Nietzsche ’s Life 368 indescribabl e atmospher e o f peculiarit y emanate d from him , somethin g tha t deepl y unsetde d m e A s thoug h h e wer e from a countr y i n whic h n o on e els e lives. ” Summe r i n Sils-Maria . Pla n fo r a majo r wor k i n fou r volumes , t o b e calle d ‘Th e Wil l t o Power : Attemp t a t a Revaluatio n o f Values. " Beyond Good and Evil i s published . J . V . Widman n comment s o n it : “Th e supplie s o f dynamit e tha t wer e use d i n buildin g th e Gotthar d railwa y lin e displaye d a blac k warnin g fla g tha t signale d danger . Onl y i n thi s sens e ca n w e spea k o f th e philosophe r Nietzsche’ s ne w boo k a s a dangerou s book. ” Rohd e comments : “Th e actua l philosophica l par t i s patheti c an d almos t childish. ” N . return s t o hi s first publisher , Fritzsch . Compose s ne w preface s fo r th e book s h e ha s alread y published . Th e resul t i s a n intellectua l autobiography . Winte r i n Nice . 1887 Work s o n th e fifth boo k o f The Gay Science (fo r th e ne w edition) . N . read s Dostoevsky . Work s o n The Will to Power. Numerou s organizationa l draft s an d compilation s o f appropriat e aphorisms . “ I a m no w delightin g an d refreshin g mysel f wit h th e coldes t critiqu e o f reason , whic h turn s you r fingers blu e without you r realizin g i t A sweepin g attac k o n al l o f th e ‘causality ’ o f previou s philosophy ” (Januar y 21) . Earthquak e i n Nice : “Th e hous e i n whic h tw o o f m y book s wer e writ - te n ha s becom e s o thoroughl y damage d an d shak y tha t i t ha s t o b e tor n down . Thi s ha s th e advantag e fo r posterit y tha t peopl e wil l b e require d t o mak e on e pilgrimag e fewer ” (Marc h 4) . Quarre l wit h Rohd e (May) . Summe r i n Sils-Maria . Compile s note s abou t Europea n nihilism . N . write s On the Genealogy of Morals (publishe d i n November) . Winte r i n Nice . Firs t lette r from Geor g Brande s (Novembe r 26) . Ν . become s quit e ill . “ I no w hav e forty-thre e year s behin d m e an d a m jus t a s alon e a s whe n I wa s a child ” (Novembe r 11) . 1888 Work s o n The Will to Power. “Th e ide a o f ‘publicity ’ i s entirel y ou t o f th e question ” (Februar y 26) . Correspondenc e wit h Car i Spitteier . “ I hav e Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 369 decide d t o tackl e th e psychologica l proble m o f Kierkegaar d durin g m y tri p t o Germany ” (Februar y 19) . Turi n fro m Apri l 5 t o Jun e 5 . “ I lik e thi s cit y i n a wa y tha t defie s descrip - tion” (Apri l 10) . Work s o n The Case of Wagner whil e continuin g wor k o n The Will to Power. “Afte r I hav e bee n devaluatin g values ’ da y afte r da y an d havin g ha d reaso n t o b e ver y serious , ther e i s a certai n disastrou s inevitabilit y t o cheerfulness ” (Ma y 17) . Read s th e Laws of Manu. Las t summe r i n Sils-Maria . “ I a m no t speakin g t o anyone , althoug h I woul d lik e to , becaus e I a m les s an d les s willin g t o le t anyon e se e th e problem s o f m y existence . I t ha s reall y gotte n quit e empt y aroun d me ” (lat e July) . Intens e wor k o n The Will to Power. O n Augus t 29 , N . opt s t o divid e u p hi s materia l fo r The Will to Power int o Twilight of the Idols an d The Antichrist. Septembe r 9 : Twilight of the Idols goe s t o th e printer . Fina l sta y i n Turin , fro m Septembe r 2 1 t o Januar y 9 , 1889 . The Case of Wagner i s publishe d i n lat e September . Th e Wagne r communit y i s furi - ous . Vitrioli c reviews . Augus t Strindber g read s The Case of Wagner an d send s a n enthusiasti c lette r t o N . N . begin s wor k o n Ecce Homo (lat e October) . N . want s t o introduc e himsel f a s a n individua l t o hi s reader - shi p “befor e undertakin g th e unnervingl y solitar y ac t o f revaluatio n I hav e n o desir e t o presen t mysel f t o peopl e a s a prophet , a savag e beast , o r a mora l monstrosity ” (Octobe r 30) . Malwid a vo n Meysenbu g criticize s The Case of Wagner: “ I believ e tha t yo u canno t trea t a n ol d flam e a s badl y a s yo u hav e treate d Wagner , eve n i f th e spar k i s gone. ” N . break s of f hi s friendshi p wit h Malwid a “becaus e yo u ar e a n ‘idealist’.. . ever y pag e o f m y writing s reveal s m y contemp t fo r idealism ” (Octobe r 22) . N . feel s tha t peopl e o n th e street , i n cafés , i n theaters , an d every - wher e els e ar e treatin g hi m wit h grea t respect . “ I woul d b e absolutel y incapabl e o f reportin g anythin g ba d abou t myself , m y ol d frien d Overbeck . Thing s ar e progressin g o n an d o n i n a tempofortissimo o f wor k an d goo d spirits ” (Novembe r 13) . Draf t o f a lette r t o N.' s sister , reportin g hi s desir e t o brea k of f al l con - tac t wit h her : “Yo u d o no t hav e th e foggies t notio n o f wha t i t mean s t o Chronicle of Nietzsche ‘s Life 370 b e nex t o f ki n t o a ma n an d destin y i n whic h th e question s o f millenni a hav e bee n resolved ” (mid-November) . Negotiate s wit h hi s publishe r t o bu y bac k hi s works : “I t woul d b e possibl e t o becom e a millionair e from m y Zarathustra alone ; i t i s th e mos t decisiv e wor k ther e is ” (Novembe r 22) . Firs t lis t o f th e “Dionysu s Dithyrambs ” (en d o f November) . Draf t o f a lette r t o Kaise r Wilhel m Π : “ I a m hereb y grantin g th e Germa n Kaise r th e highes t hono r tha t ca n befal l him ; a n hono r tha t i s al l th e mor e significan t becaus e I hav e t o surmoun t m y dee p loathin g o f every - thin g tha t i s German . I a m placin g th e first cop y o f m y boo k int o hi s hand , whic h signal s th e arriva l o f somethin g colossal ” (ead y December) . N . revise s th e Ecce Homo manuscript , insertin g th e condemnation s o f hi s mothe r an d sister . Fantasie s abou t a gran d politica l design . T o Pete r Gast : “Di d yo u kno w tha t I wil l nee d th e backin g o f al l th e Jewis h finan- cier s fo r m y internationa l movement? ” (Decembe r 9) . N . reread s hi s ow n books : “ I di d everythin g ver y well , bu t neve r ha d a clu e abou t it—quit e th e contrary ” (Decembe r 9) . N . call s himsel f a “satyr ” an d a “clown ” (Decembe r 10) . N . attend s operetta s an d open-ai r concerts . Beautifu l sunn y weather . Goo d climate . N . feel s healthie r tha n ever . “Sometime s thes e day s I se e n o reaso n t o accelerat e th e tragi c catastroph e o f m y lif e tha t bega n wit h Ecce ” (Decembe r 16) . Ecce Homo i s read y fo r printin g (lat e December) . “ I conside r th e questio n o f wh o I a m settle d onc e an d fo r al l no w tha t Ecce Homo i s i n press . Fro m no w on , n o on e shoul d b e concerne d abou t me , bu t onl y abou t th e reason s tha t I exist ” (Decembe r 27) . N.’ s landlad y see s hi m dancin g naked . 1889 N . embrace s a hors e t o protec t i t from th e blow s o f a carriag e drive r (ead y January) . Lette r t o Jaco b Burckhardt : ’Ultimately , I woul d muc h rathe r b e a Base l professo r tha n God , bu t I hav e no t dare d t o carr y m y privat e egotis m t o th e poin t tha t I woul d forg o creatin g th e world . Yo u see , w e mus t mak e sacrifice s n o matte r ho w an d wher e w e live “ (Januar y 6) . Whe n Burckhard t receive s thi s lette r i n Basel , h e goe s t o Overbec k Chronicle of Nietzsche’s Life 371 an d ask s hi m t o watc h ove r hi s friend . Overbec k immediatel y travel s t o Turi n an d reports : ” I se e N . huddle d u p readin g i n th e corne r o f a sof a .. . th e incomparabl e maste r o f expressio n i s incapabl e o f conveyin g eve n th e delight s o f hi s merrimen t i n anythin g bu t th e mos t trivia l expression s o r b y dancin g an d jumpin g abou t i n a comica l manner. " Overbec k bring s N . t o Basel , wher e h e i s admitte d t o a clini c N.‘ s moth - e r come s t o Base l an d take s hi m t o Jena’ s psychiatri c clinic , wher e h e remain s fo r on e year . I n Ma y 1890 , hi s mothe r take s N . hom e t o Naumburg . Afte r hi s mother’ s deat h i n 1897 , N . i s brough t t o Vill a Silberblick , in Weimar , b y hi s sister . Augus t Horneffe r visit s N . i n th e final month s o f hi s life , an d describe s hi m a s follows : “O f course , w e di d no t kno w hi m bac k i n hi s health y days , bu t onl y sa w hi m a s a n invali d i n th e fina l stag e o f paralysis . Nonetheless , th e minute s w e spen t i n hi s presenc e wer e som e o f th e mos t valuabl e memorie s o f ou r live s Althoug h hi s eye s wer e vacan t an d hi s feature s slack , an d althoug h th e poo r ma n la y ther e wit h crooke d limbs , mor e helples s tha n a child , a sens e o f magi c radiate d fro m hi s per - sonality , an d hi s appearanc e reveale d a majest y tha t I woul d neve r expe - rience agai n wit h an y huma n being. ” N . die s o n Augus t 25,1900 . Selecte d Lis t o f Englis h Translation s o f Nietzsche’s Work s Unles s otherwis e noted , al l quotation s fro m Nietzsche’ s writing s wer e newl y translate d fo r thi s edition . Th e followin g selectio n i s intende d a s a guid e t o th e availabl e Nietzsch e translations . Collections of Works by Nietzsche The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Edite d b y Osca r Levy . 1 8 vols . Ne w York : Macmillan , 1909-11 . Reprint , Ne w York : Russel l & Russell , 1964 . Althoug h quit e comprehensive , thi s compilatio n b y severa l translator s i s con - sidere d unreliable . The Philosophy of Nietzsche, edite d b y Geoffre y Giv e an d pub - lishe d a s a Meridia n paperbac k i n 1965 , contain s selection s from thi s edition . 7 h e Portable Nietzsche. Translate d an d edite d b y Walte r Kaufmann . Ne w York : Vikin g Press , 1954 . Contain s th e ful l text s o f Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, an d Nietzsche contra Wagner, a s wel l a s excerpt s from addi - tiona l text s an d selecte d noteboo k entrie s an d fragments. Basic Writings of Nietzsche. Translate d an d edite d b y Walte r Kaufmann . Ne w York : Moder n Library , 1968 . Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche’s Notebooks if the Early 1870s. Translate d an d edite d b y Danie l Breazeale . Atlanti c Highlands , N.J. : Humanitie s Press , 1979 . 373 374 Selected List of English Translations of Nietzsche’s Works Nietzsche Selections. Edite d b y Richar d Schach t Ne w York : Macmillan , 1993 . Unpublished Writings from the Period of Unfashionable Observations. Translate d b y Richar d T . Gray . Stanford : Stanfor d Univ . Press, 1999 . Editions of Nietzsche’s Letters Selected Letters of Friedrieb Nietzsche. Translate d an d edite d b y Christophe r Middleton . Indianapolis : Hackett , 1996 . Nietzsche: A Self portrait from His Letters. Translate d an d edite d b y Pete r Fus s an d Henr y Shapiro . Cambridge : Harvar d Univ . Press , 1971 . Translations of Individual Works Alternativ e tide s ar e liste d i n bracket s followin g entries . 7he Birth of Tragedy Translate d b y France s Golffing , wit h The Genealogy of Morals. Garde n City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1956 . Translate d b y Walte r Kaufmann , wit h The Case of Wagner. Ne w York - Vintag e Books , 1966 . Translate d b y Ronal d Speirs . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1999 . Translate d b y Dougla s Smith . Ne w York : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 2000 . Untimely Meditations Translate d b y R . J . Hollingdale . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1983 . Translate d b y Herber t Golder , Gar y Brown , an d Willia m Arrowsmith . Ne w Haven : Yal e Univ . Press , 1990 . [Unmodern Observations^ Translate d b y Richar d T . Gray . Stanford : Stanfor d Univ . Press , 1995 . [iUnfashionable Observations\ Human, All Too Human I Translate d b y Mario n Faber , wit h Stephe n Lehmann . Lincoln : Univ . o f Nebrask a Press , 1984 . Translate d b y R . J . Hollingdale . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1986 . [Als o include s Human, All Too Human Π ) Translate d b y Gar y Handwerk . Stanford : Stanfor d Univ . Press , 1997 . Selected List of English Translations of Nietzsche’s Works 375 Daybreak Translate d b y R . J . Hollingdale . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1997 . The Gay Science Translate d b y Walte r Kaufmann . Ne w York : Vintag e Books , 1974 . Beyond Good and Evil Translate d b y Walte r Kaufmann . Ne w York : Vintag e Books , 1966 . Translate d b y Mario n Faber , wit h a n introductio n b y Rober t C . Holub . Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1999 . On the Genealogy of Morals Translate d b y Caro l Diethe . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1994 . \On the Genealogy of Morality | Translate d b y Dougla s Smith . Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1996 . The Case of Wagper Translate d b y Walte r Kaufmann . Ne w York : Vintag e Books , 1967 . [The Birth of Tragedy an d The Case of Wagner] Twilight of the Idols Translate d b y Dunca n Large . Ne w York : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1998 . Ecce Homo Translate d b y Walte r Kaufman n an d R . J . Hollingdale . Ne w York : Vintag e Books , 1989 . [On the Genealogy of Morals an d Ecce Homo J The Will to Power Translate d b y Walte r Kaufman n an d R . J . Hollingdale . Ne w York : Vintag e Books , 1968 . Bibliograph y Abel , Günter . Nietzsche. Berli n an d Ne w York : Walte r d e Gruyter , 1998 . Adorno , Theodo r W. , an d Ma x Horkheimer . Dialectic of Enlightenment Translate d b y Joh n Cumming . Ne w York : Continuum , 1993 . Aschheim , Steve n E . The Nietzsche legacy in Germany, 1890-1990 . Berkeley : Univ . o f Californi a Press , 1992 . Baeumler , Alfred . Nietzsche der Philosoph und Politiker. Leipzig : Reclam , 1931 . Bataille , Georges . On Nietzsche. Translate d b y Bruc e Boone . Wit h a n introduc - tio n b y Sylvèr e Lotringer . Ne w York : Parago n House , 1992 . Benders , Raymon d J. , an d Stepha n Oettermann . Friedrich Nietzsche: Chronik in Bildern und Texten. Munich : Hanser , 2000 . Benn , Gottfried . Gesammelte Werke. Edite d b y Diete r Wellershoff . 4 vols . Wiesbade n an d Munich : Limes , 1978 . »“Turin, ” i n Gottfried Berne Prose, Essays, Poems. Edite d b y Volkma r Sander . Ne w York : Continuum , 1987 . Benz , Ernst . “Da s Bil d de s Übermensche n i n de r europaische n Geistesgeschichte. ” I n Der Übermensch: Eine Diskussion. Edite d b y Erns t Benz , 19-161 . Zuric h an d Stuttgart : Rhein , 1961 . Bernoulli , Ca d Albrech t Frosty Overbeck und Friedrich Nietzsche: Etne Freundschaft. Jena : E . Diederichs , 1908 . 77 378 Bibliography Bertram , Erns t Nietzsche: Versuch einer Mythologe. Berlin : G . Bondi , 1922 . Cancik , Huber t Nietzsches Antike: Vorlesung. Stuttgar t an d Weimar : Metzler , 1995 . Carlyle , Thomas . On Heroes, Hero- Worship, and the Heroic in History . Introductio n b y Michae l Κ Goldberg . Berkeley : Univ . o f Californi a Press , 1993 . Colli , Giorgio . Nach Nietzsche. Frankfurt : Europäisch e Verlagsanstalt , 1980 . Danto , Arthu r C . Nietzsche as Philosopher . Ne w York : Columbi a Univ . Press , 1965 . Darwin , Charles . The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882 . Edite d b y Nor a Barlow . Ne w York : Norton , 1993 . ; The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. Par t 2 . Edite d b y Pau l H . Barret t an d R . B . Freeman . Vo L 2 2 o f The Works of Charles Darwin. Ne w York : Ne w Yor k Univ . Press , 1989 . Deleuze , Gilles . Nietzsche and Philosophy . Translate d b y Hug h Tomlinson . London : Athlone , 1983 . Emerson , Ralp h Waldo . Representative Men, Nature, Addresses and Lectures. Bosto n an d Ne w York , 1876 . Figal , Günter . Nietzsche: Eine philosophische Einführung. Stuttgart : Reclam , 1999 . Fink , Eugen . Nietzsches Philosophie. Stuttgart : W . Kohlhammer , 1960 . Fleischer , Margot . Der “Sinn der Erde” und die Entzauberung des Ubermenschen: Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Nietzsche. Darmstadt : Wissenschaftlich e Buchgesellschaft , 1993 . Foucault , Michel · The History of Sexuality. Vol . 1 . Translate d b y Rober t Hurley . Ne w York : Vintag e 1978 . . Madness and Civilization: A History of Insantiy in the Age of Reason. Translate d b y Richar d Howard . Ne w York : Pantheon , 1965 . . “Nietzsche , Genealogy , History. ” I n The Foucault Reader. Edite d b y Pau l Rabinow , 76-100 . Ne w York · Pantheon , 1984 . Thi s essa y translate d b y Donal d F . Bouchar d an d Sherr y Simon . Bibliography 379 . The Order of Things. Ne w York : Vintage , 1973 . 1 Wahnsinn und Gesellschaft . Frankfurt , Suhrkamp , 1973 . Germa n transla - tion o f Madness and Civilization; citatio n i s from Foucault ^ introductio n t o th e Germa n edition . Frank , Manfred . Gott im Exil: Vorlesungen über die Neue Mythologie. Frankfurt : Suhrkamp , 1988 . . Der kommende Gott: Vorlesungen über die Neue Mythologie. Frankfurt : Suhrkamp , 1988 . Frenzel , Ivo . Friedrich Nietzsche: An Illustrated Biography. Translate d b y Joachi m Neugroschel . Ne w Yor k Pegasus , 1967 . Freud , Sigmund . On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement I n The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Translate d b y Jame s Strachey . Volum e 14 . London : Hogarth , 1957 . Gabel , Gemo t U. , an d Car l Helmut h Jagenberg , eds . Der entmündigte Philosoph: Briefe von Franziska Nietzsche an Adelbert Oehler aus den fahren 1889—1897. Hürth : Gabel , 1994 . Gamm , Han s Jochen . Standhalten im Dasein: Nietzsches Botschaft für die Gegenwart. Munic h an d Leipzig : P . List , 1993 . Gerhardt , Volker . Friedrieb Nietzsche. Munich : C . H . Beck , 1995 . . Pathos und Distanz: Studien zur Philosophie Friedrieb Nietzsches. Stuttgart : Reclam , 1988 . . Vom Willen zur Macht: Anthropologie undMetaphyùk der Macht am exemplar- ischen Fall Friedrich Nietzsches. Bedi n an d Ne w York : Walte r d e Gruyter , 1996 . Gilman , Sande r L . Begegnungen mit Nietzsche. Bonn : Bouvier , 1981 . An abridge d Englis h versio n o f th e boo k wa s publishe d a s Conversations with Nietzsche: A Life in the Words of His Contemporaries. Translate d b y Davi d J . Parent . Ne w York : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1987 . Glaser , Hermann . Sigmund Freuds Zwanzigstes fahrhundert Seelenbilder einer Epoche. Munich : Hanser , 1976 . Goch , Klaus . Franziska Nietzsche: Eine Biographie. Frankfurt : Insel , 1994 . 380 Bibliography Gödde , Günter . Traditionslinien des “Unbewußten”: Schopenhauer—Nietzsche— Freud\ Tübingen : Editio n Diskord , 1999 . Gregor-Dellin , Martin . Richard Wagner: His Life, His Work, His Century. Translate d b y J . Maxwel l Brownjohn . Sa n Diego : Harcour t Brac e Jovanovich , 1983 . Gulyga , Arsenij . Immanuel Kant . Frankfur t Insel , 1985 . Heftrich , Eckhard . Nietzsches Philosophe: Identität von Welt und Nichts. Frankfurt : V . Klostermann , 1962 . Hegel , Geor g Wilhel m Friedrich . Phenomenology of Mind. Translate d b y J . B . Baillie . Ne w York : Harpe r & Row , 1967 . Heidegger , Martin . Being and Time. Translate d b y Joh n Macquarri e an d Edwar d Robinson . Ne w York : Harpe r & Row , 1962 . . Nietzsche. Translate d b y Davi d Farrel l Krel l 4 vols . Sa n Francisco : Harpe r & Row , 1979-87 . ; “Th e Wor d o f Nietzsche : ‘Go d I s Dead. ’ ” I n The Question concerning Technology and Other Essays, 53-114 . Translate d b y Willia m Lovit t Ne w York : Harpe r & Row , 1977 . Heine , Heinrich . Sämtliche Schriften. Edite d b y Klau s Briegleb . Munich : Hanser , 1968-76 . Heller , Edmund . Nietzsches Scheitern am Werk. Freibur g an d Munich : Alber , 1989 . Hesse , Hermann . “Zarathustra’ s Return. ” I n Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays. Edite d b y Rober t C . Solomon , 375-85 . Translate d b y Ralp h Manheim . Garde n Gty , N.Y. : Anchor , 1973 . Hillebrand , Bruno . Nietzsche und die deutsche Literatur. 2 vols . Tübingen : Niemeyer , 1978 . Hölderlin , Friedrich . Sämtliche Werke. Edite d b y D . E . Sattler . Frankfurt : Verla g Rote r Stern , 1975f £ Hoffmann , Davi d Marc . Zur Geschichte des Nietzsche-Archivs. Berli n an d Ne w York : Walte r d e Gruyter , 1991 . Bibliography 381 Hofmannsthal , Hug o von . Poems and Verse Plays . Edite d an d wit h a n introduc - tion b y Michae l Hamburger . Prefac e b y T . S . Eliot . Ne w York : Bollinge n Foundation , 1961 . Th e translatio n o f th e poe m cite d i n th e text , “Man y truly .. . i s b y Verno n Watkins . James , William . Pragmatism; A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking: Popular Lectures on Philosophy . Ne w York : Longmans , Green , 1907 . Janz , Cur t Paul . Friedrich Nietzsche: Biographie. 3 vols . Munich : Hanser , 1978-79 . Jaspers , Karl . Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Understanding of His Philosophical Activity . Translate d b y Charle s F . Wallraf F an d Frederic k J . Schmitz . Tucson : Univ . o f Arizona Press , 1965 . Jünger , Friedric h Georg . Nietzsche. Frankfurt : V . Klostermann , 2000 . Kant , Immanuel . Werke. Edite d b y Wilhel m Weischedel . 1 2 vols . Frankfurt : Suhrkamp » 1964 . Kaufmann , Walter . Nietzsche: Philosopher; Psychologist, Antichrist. Princeton : Princeto n Univ . Press , 1974 . Kaulbach , Friedrich . Nietzsches Idee einer Experimentalphilosophie. Cologn e an d Vienna : Böhlau , 1980 . Klossowski , Pierre . Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle. Translate d b y Danie l W . Smith . Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1997 . Köhler , Joachim . Nietzsche and Wagjier. Translate d b y Ronal d Taylor . Ne w Haven : Yal e Univ . Press , 1998 . ·. Zarathustras Geheimnis: Friedrich Nietzsche und seine verschlüsselte Botschaft. Nördlingen : Greno , 1989 . Kuhn , Elisabeth . Friedrich Nietzsches Philosophie des europäischen Nihilismus. Bedi n an d Ne w York : Walte r d e Gruyter , 1992 . Lange , Friedric h Alber t Geschichte des Materialismus. 2 vols . Leipzig : Reclam , 1905 . Laska , Bern d A . ’Dissiden t geblieben : Wi e Mar x un d Nietzsch e ihre n Kollege n Ma x Stirne r verdrängte n un d waru m e r si e geisti g überleb t hat. ” Die Zeit, Jan . 27,2000 . 382 Bibliography Latacz , Joachim . “Fruchtbare s Ärgernis : Nietzsche s ‘Gebur t de r Tragödie ’ un d di e gräzistisch e Tragödienforschung. ” I n Nietzsche und die Schweif Edite d b y Davi d Mar c Hoffmann . Zurich : Offizin/Strauho Ç 1994 . Lessing , Theodor . Nietzsche. Berlin : Ullstein , 1925 . Löwith , Kar L Nietzsche. Stuttgar t W Kohlhammer , 1987 . Lütkehaus , Ludger . Nichts. Zurich : Ha£6nans , 1999 . Mann , Thomas . “Nietzsche’ s Philosoph y i n th e Ligh t o f Recen t History. ” I n Last Essays, 141-77 . Translate d b y Richar d an d Clar a Winston . Ne w York : Knopf ; 1959 . Marti , Urs . "Dergroße Pöbel- und Sklavenauf standi Nietzsches Auseinandersetzung mit Revolution und Demokratie. Stuttgar t an d Weimar : Metzler , 1993 . Meyer , Theo . Nietzsche und die Kunst. Tübingen : Francke , 1993 . Meysenbug , Malwid a von . Memoiren einer Idealisten. Berli n an d Leipzig : Schuste r & Loeffler , 1903 . Montinari , Mazzino . Friedrich Nietzsche,: Eine Einfuhrung. Berli n an d Ne w York : Walte r d e Gruyter , 1991 . Müller , Ulrich , an d Pete r Wapnewski , eds . Richard Wagner-Handbuch. Stuttgar t A . Kröner , 1986 . Müller-Lauter , Wolfgang . Nietzsche: His Philosophy of Contradictions and the Contradictions of His Philosophy. Translate d b y Davi d J. Parent . Forewor d b y Richar d Schacht . Urban a an d Chicago : Univ . o f Illinoi s Press , 1999 . Nehamas , Alexander . Nietzsche: Life as Literature. Cambridge : Harvar d Univ . Press , 1985 . Niemeyer , Christian . Nietzsches andere Vernunft: Psychologische Aspekte in Biographie und Werk. Darmstad t Wissenschaftlich e Buchgesellschaft , 1988 . Nigg , Walter . Friedrich Nietzsche. Zurich : Diogenes , 1994 . Nolte , Emst . Nietzsche und der Nietzscheanismus. Frankfur t Propyläen , 1990 . Oehler , Dol £ Pariser Bilder. Frankfur t Suhrkamp , 1979 . Bibliography 383 Okochi , Ryogi . Wie man wird, was man ist: Gedanken Nietzsche ans östlicher Siebt Darmstadt : Wissenschaftlich e Buchgesellschaft , 1995 . Osho . Zarathustra: Ein Gott der tanken kann . Cologne : Osho , 1994 . Ottmann , Hennig . Philosophie und Politik bei Nietzsche. Berli n an d Ne w York : Walte r d e Gruyter , 1987 . Pascal , Blaise . Pensées . Translate d b y A . J . Krailsheimer . Ne w York : Penguin , 1995 . Penzo , Giorgio . Nietzsche e il nanismo: lì Tramonto de Mito del Super-Uomo . Milan : Rusconi , 1987 . Peters , Hein z Frederick . Lou Andreas-Salomé: Femme fatale und Dichtermuse. Munich : Kindler , 1995 . . Zarathustra’s Sister: The Case of Elisabeth and Friedrich Nietzsche. Ne w York : Marku s Wiene r Publishers , 1985 . Picht , Georg . Nietzsche. Stuttgart : Klett-Cotta , 1988 . Pieper , Annemarie . u Ein Seil geknüpft %wischen Tierund UbermenschPhilosophische Erläuterungen zu Nietzsches erstem “Zarathustra, ” Stuttgart : Klett-Cotta , 1990 . Plato . The Collected Dialogues. Edite d b y Edit h Hamilto n an d Huntingto n Cairns . Translate d b y Lan e Coope r e t al . Princeton : Princeto n Univ . Press , 1961 . Prossliner , Johann . Licht wird alles, was ich fasse: Lexikon der Nietzsche-Zitate. Munich : Kastell , 1999 . Rahden , Wolfgan g von . Eduar d vo n Hartman n un d Nietzsche : Zu r Strategi e de r verzögerte n Konterkriti k Hartmann s a n Nietzsche. " Nietzsche-Studien: InternationalesJahrbuch für die Nietzsche-Forschung 1 3 (1984) : 481-502 . Reichel , Norbert . Der Traum vom höheren Leben: Nietzsches Übermensch und die con- ditio humana europäischer Intellektueller von 1890 bis 1945. Darmstadt : Wissenschaftlich e Buchgesellschaft , 1994 . Rickert , Heinrich . Die Philosophie des Lebetis. Tübingen : Mohr , 1922 . Manfre d Riedel . Nietzsche in Weimar: Ein deutsches Drama. Leipzig : Reclam , 1997 . 384 Bibliography Rorty , Richard . Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridg e an d Ne w York : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1989 . Ross , Werner . Der ängstliche Adler: Friedrich Nietzsches Leben. Stuttgart : Deutsch e Vedagsanstalt , 1984 . Safranski , Rüdiger . Wieviel Wahrheit braucht der Mensch: Über das Denkbare und Lebbare. Munich : Hanser , 1990 . Salaquarda , Jörg , ed . Nietzsche. Darmstad t Wissenschaftlich e Buchgesellschaft , 1996 . Salomé , Lou . Nietzsche. Edited , translated , an d wit h a n introductio n b y Siegfrie d Mandel . Reddin g Ridge , Conn. : Blac k Swa n Books , 1988 . Scheler , Max . Vom Umsturz der Werte: Abhandlungen und Aufsätze . Ber n an d Munich : Francke , 1972 . Schelling , Friedric h Wilhel m Joseph . Ausgewählte Schriften in . Edite d b y M . Frank . 6 vols . Frankfur t Suhrkamp , 1985 . Schipperges , Heinrich . Am Leitfaden des Leibes: Zur Antbropologfk und Therapeutìk Friedrich Nietzsches. Stuttgar t Klett , 1975 . Schlegel , Friedrich . Schrifteti zur Literatur ; Munich : Deutsche r Taschenbuc h Veriag , 1985 . Schmidt , Herman n Josef . Nietzsche Absconditus, oder Spurenlese bei Nietzsche. Part s 1-3 . Berli n an d Aschaffenburg : IBDK , 1991 . Schneeberger , Guido . Nachlese zp Heidegger: Dokumente z* seinem Leben und Denken. Bern : n.p. , 1962 . Schopenhauer , Arthu r The World as Will and Representation. Translate d b y E . F . J . Payne . 2 vols . Ne w York : Dover , 1958 . Schulte , Günter . Ecce Nietzsche: Eine Werkinterpretation. Frankfur t an d Ne w York : Campus , 1995 . Simmel , Georg . Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. Translate d b y Helmu t Loiskandl , Deen a Weinstein , an d Michae l Weinstein . Amhers t Univ . o f Massachusett s Press , 1986 . Bibliography 385 Sloterdijk , Peter . Thinker on Stage: Nietzsche’s Materialism . Translate d b y Jami e Owe n Daniel . Forewor d b y Joche n Schulte-Sasse . Minneapolis : Univ . o f Minnesot a Press , 1989 . Steiner , Rudolf . Friedrich Nietzsche: Fighter for Freedom. Translate d b y Margare t Ingra m deRis . Englewood , N.J. : Rudol f Steiner , 1960 . Stimcr , Max . The Ego and His Own . Translate d b y Steve n T . Byington . Ne w York : Libertaria n Boo k Club , 1963 . Strauss , Davi d Friedrich . Der alte und der neue Glaube: Ein Bekenntnis. Stuttgar t Kröner , 1938 . Taureck , Bernhar d H . F . Nietzsches Alternativen zum Nihilismus. Hamburg : Junius , 1991 . . Nietzsche und der Faschismus. Hamburg : Junius , 1989 . Troeltsch , Ernst . Deutscher Geist und Westeuropa. Tübingen : Mohr , 1925 . Türcke , Christoph . Der tolle Mensch: Nietzsche und der Wahnrinn der Vernunft. Frankfur t Fische r Taschenbuc h Verlag , 1989 . Vattimo , Gianni . Introduzione a Nietzsche. Rome : Laterza , 1991 . Verrecchia , Anacleto . Zarathustras Ende: Die Katastrophe Nietzsches in Turin. Vienna , Cologne , an d Graz : Böhlau , 1986 . Volkmann-Schluck , Karl-Heinz . Die Philosophie Nietzsches: Der Untergang der abendländischen Metaphysik. Würzburg : Königshause n & Neumann , 1991 . Wagner , Cosima . Die Tagebücher. 2 vols . Munic h an d Zurich : Piper , 1976 . Wagner , Richar d Mein Denken. Munic h an d Zurich : Piper , 1982 . . Der Ring des Nibelungen: Vollständiger Text. Munic h an d Zurich : Piper , 1991 . Wolff , Han s M . Friedrich Nietzsche: Der Weg zum Nichts. Bern : Francke , 1956 . Additiona l Englis h Languag e Studie s o f Nietzsch e Ackermann , Rober t John . Nietzsche: A Frenzied Look. Amherst : Univ . o f Massachusett s Press , 1990 . Allison , Davi d B . The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation. Cambridge : ΜΓ Γ Press , 1977 . . Reading the New Nietqche: Th e Birt h o f Tragedy , Th e Ga y Science , Thu s Spok e Zarathustra , and O n th e Genealog y o f Morals « Tanham , Md. : Bowma n & Iitdefield , 2001 . AnseD-Pearson , Keith . Nietzsche Contra Rousseau: A Study of Nietzsche’s Moral and Political Thought. Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1991 . Babich , Babett e E . Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Science . Albany : SUN Y Press , 1994 . Babich , Babett e E. , an d Rober t S . Cohen , eds . Nietzsche, Theories of Knowledge, and Critical Theory. Dordrech t an d Boston : Kluwe r Academi c Publishers , 1999 . Bauer , Karin . Adomo’s Nietzschean Narratives: Critiques of Ideology, Reading of Wagner. Albany : SUN Y Press , 1999 . Behler ; Erns t Confrontations: Derrida, Heidegger, Nietzsche. Stanford : Stanfor d Univ . Press , 1991 . Bergmann , Peter . Nietzsche: “The LastAntipolitical German.” Bloomingtor u Univ . o f Indian a Press , 1987 . 387 388 Additional English Language Studies of Nietzsche Berkowitz , Peter . Nietzsche: The Ethics of an Immoralist. Cambridge : Harvar d Univ . Press , 1995 . Blondel , Eric , ed . Nietzsche: The Body and Culture: Philosophy as a Philological Genealogy . Translate d b y Séa n Hand. Stanford : Stanfor d Univ . Press , 1991 . Burgard , Pete r J. , ed . Nietzsche and the Feminine . Charlottesville , Va. : Univ . o f Virgini a Press , 1994 . Chamberlain , Lesley . Nietzsche in Turin: An Intimate Biography. Ne w York : S t Martin’ s Press , 1999 . Clark , Maudemarie . Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1990 . Conway , Danie l W Nietzsche and the Political. Ne w York : Roudedge , 1996 . Cox , Christoph . Nietzsche: Naturalism and Interpretation . Berkeley . Univ . o f California , 1999 . De l Caro , Adrian . Nietzsche Contra Nietzsche: Creativity and the Anti-Romantic. Bato n Rouge : Louisian a Stat e Univ . Press , 1989 . Derrida , Jacques . Spurs: Nietzsche’s Styles. Translate d b y Barbar a Hadow . Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1978 . Detwiler , Bruce . Nietzsche and the Potties of Aristocratic Radicalism. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1990 . Diethe , Carol . Nietzsche’s Women: Beyond the Whip . Berli n an d Ne w York : Walte r d e Gruyter , 1996 . Frey-Rohn , Liliane . Friedrich Nietzsche: A Psychological Approach to His Life and Work. Zurich : Daimon , 1989 . Gillespie , Michae l Allen . Nihilism Before Nietzsche. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1995 . Gillespie , Michae l Allen , an d Trac y B . Strong , eds . Nietzsche’s New Seas: Explorations in Philosophy, Aesthetics, and Politics. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1988 . Golomb , Jacob , ed . Nietzsche and Jewish Culture, Ne w York : Roudedge , 1997 . 389 Additional English Language Studies of Nietzsche Hales , Steve n D. , an d Re x Welshon . Nietzsche’s Perspectivism. Urbana : Univ . o f Illinoi s Press , 2000 . Hayman , Ronald . Nietzsche. Ne w York : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1980 . Heller , Erich . The Importance of Nietzsche: Ten Essays. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1988 . Higgins , Kathlee n Marie . Comic Relief Nietzsche’s Ga y Science . Oxford : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 2000 . . Nietzsche’s Zarathustra . Philadelphia : Templ e Univ . Press , 1987 . Hollingdale , R > J . Nietzsche: The Man and His Philosophy , London : Roudedge , 1965 . Irigaray , Luce . Manne Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche . Translate d b y Gillia n C . Gill . Ne w York : Columbi a Univ . Press , 1991 . Klein , Wayne . Nietzsche and the Promise of Philosophy. Albany . SUN Y Press , 1997 . Koelb , Clayton , ed . Nietzsche as Postmodernist: Essays Pro and Con. Alban y SUN Y Press , 1990

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. Kofrnan , Sarah . Nietzsche and Metaphor. Translate d b y Dunca n Large . Stanford : Stanfor d Univ . Press , 1993 . Krell , Davi d Farrel L Infectious Nietzsche. Bloomington : Univ . o f Indian a Press , 1996 . . Nietzsche: A Novel. Fro m th e SUN Y Serie s i n Contemporar y Continenta l Philosophy . Alban y SUN Y Press , 1996 . Postponements: Women, Sensuality, and Death in Nietzsche. Bloomington : Univ . o f Indian a Press , 1986 . Krell , Davi d Farrell , an d Donal d L . Bates . The Good European: Nietzsche’s Work Sites in Word and Image. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1997 . Krell , Davi d Farrell , an d Davi d Wood , eds . Exceedingly Nietzsche: Aspects of Contemporary Nietzsche Interpretation . Ne w York : Roudedge , 1988 . Lampert , Laurence . Leo Strauss and Nietzsche. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1998 . 390 Additional English Language Studies of Nietzsche Nietzsche and Modern Times: A Study of Bacon, Descartes and Nietzsche. Ne w Haven : Yal e Univ . Press , 1995 . 1 Nietzsche’s Task: An Interpretation of Beyon d Goo d an d Evil . Ne w Haven : Yal e Univ . Press , 2001 . . Nietzsche’s Teaching An Interpretation of Thu s Spak e Zarathustra . Ne w Haven : Yal e Univ . Press , 1986 . Love , Nancy . Marx, Nietzsche, and Modernity. Ne w York : Columbi a Univ . Press , 1986 . Magnus , Bernd . Nietzsche’s Existential Imperative. Bloomington : Univ . o f Indian a Press , 1978 . Magnus , Bernd , an d Kathlee n M . Higgins , eds . A Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche. Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1996 . Magnus , Bernd , Stanle y Stewart , an d Jean-Pierr e Mileur . Nietzsche’s Case: Philosophy as/and Literature. Ne w York : Roudedge , 1993 . Oliver , Kelly , an d Marily n Pearsall , eds . Feminist Interpretations of Friedrich Nietzsche. Universit y Park , Pa. : Pennsylvani a Stat e Univ . Press , 1998 . Owen , David . Nietzsche, Politics, and Modernity: A Critique of Liberal Reason. Londo n an d Thousan d Oaks , Calif. : Sage , 2000 . Patton , Paul , ed . Nietzsche, Feminism, and Political Theory. Ne w York : Roudedge , 1993 . Pavur , Claud e Nicholas . Nietzsche Humanist. Milwaukee : Marquett e Univ . Press , 1998 . Pletsch , Car l Young Nietzsche: Becoming a Genius. Ne w York : Fre e Press , 1993 . Porter , Jame s I . Nietzsche and the Philology of the Future. Stanford : Stanfor d Univ . Press , 2000 . Richardson , John . Nietzsche’s System. Oxford : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1996 . Rickels , Laurenc e Α. , ed . Looking after Nietzsche. Albany : SUN Y Press , 1990 . Ridley , Aaron . Nietzsche’s Conscience: Six Character Studies from the Genealogy. Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornel l Univ . Press , 1998 . 391 Additional English Language Studies of Nietzsche Roberts , Tyle r T . Contesting Spirit: Nietzsche, Affirmation, Religion. Princeton : Princeto n Univ . Press , 1998 . Rosen , Stanley . The Mask of Enlightenment Nietzsche’s Zarathustra . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1995 . Sadler , Ted . Nietzsche: Truth and Redemption: Critique of the Postmodernist Nietzsche. London : Athlone , 1995 . Saliis , John . Crossings: Nietzsche and the Space of Tragedy. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1991 . Schacht , Richard . Making Sense of Nietzsche: Reflections Timely and Untimely. Urbana : Univ . o f Illinoi s Press , 1995 . . Nietzsche. Londo n an d Boston : Roudedg e & K . Paul , 1983 . , ed . Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche’s Genealog y o f Morals . Berkeley : Univ . o f California , 1994 . , ed . Nietzsche’s Postmoralism: Essays on Nietzsche’s Prelud e t o Philosophy’ s Future . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 2000 . Schrift , Ala n D . Nietzsche and the Question of Interpretation: Between Hermeneutics and Deconstruction. Ne w York : Roudedge , 1990 . ; Nietzsche’s French Legacy: A Genealogy of Poststructuralism. Ne w York : Roudedge , 1995 . . ed . Why Nietzsche Still? Reflections on Drama, Culture, and Politics. Berkeley : Univ . o f California , 2000 . Schutte , Ofelia . Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche Without Masks. Chicago : Univ . o f Chicag o Press , 1984 . Sedgwick , Pete r R. , ed . Nietzsche: A Critical Reader. Cambridge , Mass. : Blackwell , 1995 . Shapiro , Gary . Nietzschean Narratives. Bloomington : Univ . o f Indian a Press , 1989 . Silk , M . S. , an d J . P . Stem . Nietzsche on Tragedy . Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1981 . Sleinis , E . E . Nietzsche’s Revaluation of Values . Urbana : Univ . o f Illinoi s Press , 1994 . 392 Additional English Language Studies of Nietzsche Solomon , Rober t C , an d Kathlee n Mari e Higgins . What Nietzsche Really Said. Ne w York : Schocken , 2000 . , eds . Reading Nietzsche. Oxford : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1988 . Stack , Georg e J . Nietzsche and Emerson: An Elective Affinity. Athens , Ohio : Ohi o Univ . Press , 1993 . Stambaugh , Joan . The Other Nietzsche. Albany . SUN Y Press , 1994 . Staten , Henry . Nietzsche’s Voice. Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornel l Univ . Press , 1990 . Stauth , Georg , an d Brya n S . Turner . Nietzsche’s Dance: Resentment, Reciprocity and Resistance in Sodai Life. Oxfor d an d Ne w York : Basi l Blackwell , 1988 . Strong , Trac y B . Friedrich Nietzsche and the Politics of Transfiguration. Expande d Edition . Urbana : Univ . o f Illinoi s Press , 2000 . Tanner , Michael . Nietzsche. Oxford : Oxfor d Univ . Press , 1994 . Thiele , Lesli e Paul , ed . Friedrich Nietzsche and the Politics of the Soui A Study of Heroic Individualism. Princeton : Princeto n Univ . Press , 1990 . Thomas , Douglas . Reading Nietzsche Rhetorically. Ne w York : Th e Guilfor d Press , 1999 . Va n Tongeren , Pau l J . Reinterpreting Modern Culture: An Introduction to Friedrich Nietzsche’s Philosophy. Wes t Lafayette , Ind. : Purdu e Univ . Press , 2000 . Waite , Geoff . Nietzsche’s Corps/E: Aesthetics, Politics, Prophecy, or, the Spectacular Tichnocukure of Everyday Life. Durham , N.C. : Duk e Univ . Press , 1996 . Warren , Mark . Nietzsche and Political Thought. Cambridge : ΜΓ Γ Press , 1988 . White , Alan . Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth. Ne w York : Roudedge , 1990 . White , Richar d J . Nietzsche and the Problem of Sovereignty. Urbana : Univ . o f Illinoi s Press , 1997 . Winchester , James . Nietzsche’s Aesthetic Turm Reading Nietzsche after Heidegger, Deleuze, and Derrida. Albany : SUN Y Pres s 1994 . Young , Julian . Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Art. Cambridge : Cambridg e Univ . Press , 1992 . Inde x absolut e reality , 78-79,160-6 1 Achilles , 6 9 Adorno , Theodo r W. , 344-4 6 aestheticism , Mann’ s warnin g against , 32 5 “affec t o f distance, ” 27 0 amor fati, 26,17 7 Anaxagoras , 11 0 androgyny , 245-4 6 anthropodicy , 19 1 anthropomorphism , atomis m and , 15 0 Antichrist, The (Der Antichrist) (Nietzsche) , 285,286,305,311,33 9 antimon y o f freedom , 176-7 7 anti-Semitism , FN’ s hatre d o £ 283,338-4 0 Apollo , Apollonian , 34 4 ar t an d cultur e and , 80-81,88,286 , 309,32 4 FN’ s developin g theor y o £ 50,65-66 , 88,100-10 1 Man n and , 32 4 wa r and , 7 0 see also Dionysus , Dionysia n Aristotle , 74,14 6 Arnim , Achi m von , 90 art , 22-24,61,83,159,182,201,305,32 2 audienc e refinemen t and , 10 5 bourgeoi s deca y of , 10 6 commodificatio n an d profi t in , 91,9 7 deat h and , 32 5 Dionysian-to-Apollonia n shif t of , 32 4 FN’ s influenc e on , 323,32 6 guil t linke d to , 7 5 illusio n and , 161,195-9 6 "metaphysica l solace 7 ‘ of , 103-4,10 7 metaphysic s and , 196-9 7 moralit y an d politic s vs. , 32 5 patho s and , 22-2 3 powe r of , 286,29 0 redemptio n through , 45,89,9 5 a s refug e fo r elite , 14 8 a s refug e from boredom , 23-24,197-9 8 a s religion , 88-89,96,140-41,153 , 161,33 4 self-disgus t and , 19 8 socia l progres s a s threa t to , 76,7 7 a s soothing , 112-1 3 superiorit y o f creator s of , 7 3 Wagne r and , 88-89,15 7 see also culture ; musi c “Ar t an d Revolution ” (Die Kunst und die Revolution) (Wagner) , 91-9 2 Aryans , 332,339-4 0 ascetics , asceticism , 49,193,264,302- 3 “a s if, ” philosoph y o Ç 11 7 atheism , 113,307- 8 atoms , Democritus’ s univers e of , 150-51,15 2 Attempt ai a Philosophy of Life ( Vom Umsturz der Werte) (Scheler) , 32 7 “Attemp t a t Self-Criticism ” (“Versuc h eine r Selbstkritik” ) (Nietzsche) , 20,60,78,84,86,19 5 393 394 Index Augustine , Saint , 289,298,30 0 Avenarius , Ferdinand , 31 4 Ba d Kosen , 3 9 Baeumler , Alfred , 334-3 7 Bakunin , Mikhail , 9 1 Ball , Hugo , 32 6 Basel , 19,57,60,72,126,148,220,24 8 F N a s professo r in , 43,54,60,84 , 178-79,18 2 “base ” vs . “noble, ” 186,30 1 Bastille , stormin g of , 12 0 Bataille , Georges , 34 6 Baudelaire , Charle s Pierre , 9 7 Bauer , Bruno , 12 1 Baumgartner , Adolf . 126-2 7 Bayreut h Festival , 14,72,98-99 , 106-7,135-36,137-38 , 140,157,158,25 3 becoming , Spir’ s theor y of , 161-6 2 Beethoven , Ludwi g van , 112,19 6 “Befor e th e Crucifix ” (“Vo r de m Cruzifix” ) (Nietzsche) , 24 7 Behler , Emst , 1 2 Behrens , Peter , 32 4 being , consciousnes s and , 211-1 2 Being and Time (Sein und Zeit) (Heidegger) , 21 2 bellum omnium contra omnes (“wa r o f al l agains t all”) , 71,11 3 Benjamin , Walter , 1 1 η Benn , Gottfried , 317 n Bergson , Henri , 326-2 7 Berlin , 125,25 6 Bertram , Ernst , 324,330-3 3 Beyond Good and Evil (Jenseits von Gut und Böse) (Nietzsche) , 28,37.55 , 184,285,292,298,31 4 binar y oppositions , i n Hegelia n historica l process , 12 2 Bindung , Kari , 33 7 Birth of Tragedy, The (Die Geburt der Tragödie) (Nietzsche) , 59-84 , 135,156,160,224,283,286 , 299,301,33 2 concep t o f Apollonian-Dionysia n develope d in , 65-69,77-8 0 concep t o f Dionysia n wisdo m in , 78-80,82-8 3 concep t o f geniu s in , 191,26 4 criticism s of , 8 3 Dionysia n origin s o f Gree k dram a examine d in , 60-63,65,18 1 “existence ” formul a expresse d in , 7 3 FN^ s late r prefac e to , 20,28 4 historids m in , 87,11 8 moralit y analyze d in , 10 4 musica l ecstas y in , 21-22,62-63,100 , 102-3,10 7 myt h define d in , 86-87,14 0 “proble m o f science ” in , 195-9 6 Socrate s a s portraye d in , 63-64,65,81 , 142,143-47,149,15 3 symbo l o f youn g tige r in , 11 3 tw o public lecture s a s first stag e of , 6 0 writin g of , 58,60,6 5 Bismarck , Ott o von , 27 5 Bizet , Georges , 24 3 Bloch , Emst , 32 8 “blon d beast, ” 26 5 Bonn , F N a t universit y in , 4 0 boredom , ar t a s refug e from, 23-24 , 197-9 8 Boy ‘s Magic Horn, The (Des Knaben Wunderhom) (Brentan o an d Arnim , eds.) , 9 0 Brahms,Johannes , 13 7 Brentano , Clemens , 9 0 Brinton , Crane , 15 n Brockhaus , Heinrich , 56-5 7 Bruno , Giordano , 22 6 Büchner , Ludwig , 11 0 Bülow , Han s von , 54-5 5 Burckhardt , Jacob , 69-70,27 5 o n majo r force s o f existence , 7 0 Byron , Georg e Gordon , Lord , 34-35,4 0 capitalism , ar t reduce d by , 9 1 Carlyle , Thomas , 263,264,31 8 Carmen (Bizet) , 243-4 4 Case of Wagner, The (Der Fatt Wagner) (Nietzsche) , 98,244,305,309,31 5 Index 395 causality , 37,17 5 “imaginary ” 19 1 causa prima (prim e cause) , 290,29 3 Celestial Dynamics (Beiträge zur Dynamik des Himmels) (Mayer) , 22 9 “Childhoo d o f Peoples , The ” (“Di e Kindhei t de r Völker” ) (Nietzsche) , 3 3 chil d labor , F N a s proponen t ο ζ 14 8 Christianity,43,110 , 111 , 140,141,246 , 32 4 advantage s offere d t o underprivilege d by , 29 6 geniu s of , 297.33 9 moralit y in . 300,302-3,308,31 0 Platonis m and , 152-5 3 a s religio n o f lo w self-esteem , 192-9 3 self-configuratio n and , 3 9 see also Go d Circulation of Life (Kreislauf des Lebens) (Moleschott) , 11 0 cogito ergo sum, 30 0 cognition , 145,152,154,164,287,28 9 Collèg e d e France , 34 7 Colli , Giorgio , 12,1 7 Cologne , 20-2 1 Columbus , Christopher , 206,21 9 communication , consciousnes s and , 21 4 communion , FN’ s refusa l of , 43-4 4 consciousness , 23,37,77,81,115-16 , 207-1 6 awakenin g to , 3 8 bein g and , 211-1 2 “chambe r of ” 159-6 0 communicatio n and , 21 4 i n continuum , 20 7 descriptio n of , 208- 9 Dionysian , 103,16 0 eterna l recurrenc e and , 23 0 an d FN’ s criticis m o f esteem , 6 3 individuum est ineffabile and , 211-1 3 intentiona l structur e of , 208- 9 limit s of , 235-3 6 ma n a s foru m for , 113-1 4 natur e a s devoi d ο ξ 173,17 4 openin g u p of , 6 7 perceptio n and . 207- 8 phenomenolog y and , 213-16,21 8 a s produc t o f thought , 2 8 purpos e and , 327-2 8 transcendin g of , 16 0 contingency , ontolog y of , 347-4 8 Creative Evolution (L’Evolution créatrice) (Bergson) , 32 6 creativ e people , superiorit y of , 7 3 Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) (Kant) , 7 8 culture(s) , 70-77,15 5 bicamera l syste m oi, 200,202 , 297-98,32 5 civilizatio n and , 120,328,33 1 -3 2 cruelt y a s basi s of , 71,75,18 8 a s majo r forc e o f existence , 7 0 “nigh t o f th e gods ” and , 8 8 slaver y a s necessit y for , 71,74,7 7 typolog y of . 80-8 1 Übermensch and , 26 9 Willielminian , 32 0 see also art; music customs , drive s directe d by , 18 9 Czoibe , Heinrich , 11 0 Dada , 32 6 dance , 279-81,309,32 4 Darwin , Charles , 261,262,266,282 , 286,30 7 Darwinism , 38,48,113,261-63,266 , 292,32 2 see also evolutio n “Davi d Strauss ” (Untimely Meditation I ) (Nietzsche) , 85,106,109,111-1 3 Daybreak (Mörgamröte) (Nietzsche) , 189 . 203-13,216,227,233,278-79 , 301,316,34 8 consciousnes s examine d in , 207-1 3 cruelt y analyze d in , 187-8 8 FN’ s estimatio n of , 219-2 0 natur e in , 173,175,19 1 origin s o f moralit y analyze d in , 182,183 , 18 6 perspectivis m endorse d in , 207 , 209-10,22 5 scienc e vs . metaphysic s in , 171,175,19 1 396 Index Daybreak (Mörganröte) (Nietzsche ) (continued) systematizer s in , 15 9 writin g of , 181-82,203-5,206,21 9 death , 32 3 ar t and , 32 5 universalit y of , 13 2 decadence , origin s of , 309-1 0 democracy , 74,81,148,296-97,32 5 Democritus , 53,110,150-51,152,15 3 Descartes , René , 97,110,30 0 determination , free wil l and , 3 7 determinism , Marx’ s contributio n to , 11 1 Deussen , Paul , 20-21,28 5 Dialectic of Enlightenment (Dialektik der Aufklärung (Adorn o an d Horkheimer) , 344-4 6 Diethe , Carol , 1 2 Dilthey , Wilhelm , 32 0 Dionysia n wisdom , 77-78,79,83,104 , 108,116,131,148,160,28 0 “Dionysia n Worldview , The ” (“Di e dionysisch e Weltanschauung” ) (Nietzsche) , 65,67,6 8 Dionysus , Dionysian , 15,50,65-70,169 , 305,307,334-35,34 5 absolut e realit y as , 78,82-8 3 asceticis m vs. , 30 3 danc e as , 274,32 4 decadenc e compare d with , 30 9 descriptio n of , 65-67,7 9 FN’ s critiqu e o f wil l t o knowledg e buil t on . 8 4 i n FN’ s theor y o f myth , 8 8 Heidegge r on , 34 4 “logica l denia l o f th e world ” vs. , 163-6 5 musi c as , 21-22,65-66,100-103,149 , 160,198-99,331-3 2 natur e as , 11 3 an d origin s o f Gree k tragedy , 60-63,28 6 Ordep p and , 24 7 perpetua l rebirt h of , 22 5 i n politics , 8 5 powe r and , 34 6 pragmatis m and , 321-2 2 raptur e and , 21-2 2 Übermensch and , 268-6 9 wa r and , 67-70,32 8 youn g tiger a s symbo l oL , 11 3 see also Apollo , Apollonia n “disenchantment ” o f th e world , 8 8 “dividualization ” (dividuum), o f th e individual , 26,29,184-85,30 2 drives : custom s directe d by , 18 9 FN’ s theor y of , 21 6 “earthl y consonance, ” 14 6 EcceHomo (Nietzsche) , 138-39,150,31 4 cover t referenc e t o Ortlep p in , 24 7 Darwinis t ide a o f Übermensch denie d in , 263-64,26 6 Dionysia n tragi c sensibilit y develope d in , 268-6 9 FN’ s confidenc e demonstrate d in , 28 , 305,306,307,315-1 6 FN’ s mothe r an d siste r insulte d in , 13 , 30 6 FN’ s visio n o f inspiratio n describe d in , 220-2 1 “Go d i s dead ” in , 307-8,31 0 moralit y examine d in , 18 2 wil l t o powe r a s centra l concer n of , 293,305- 8 ego , 22,26,30 2 a s fiction, 29 9 -30 0 phantom s of , 21 2 Ego and His Own, The (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum) (Stirner) , 12 5 Eiser , Ott o (FN’ s doctor) , 178,17 9 Emerson , Ralp h Waldo , 26 3 Empedocles , 5 2 energy , conservatio n of , 229,29 2 Engels , Friedrich , 12 1 Enlightenment , 89,128,14 2 Erises , 6 9 Ermanarich , Kin g o f th e Ostrogoths , FN’ s essa y on , 3 1 Eroica (Beethoven) , 11 2 essence , 49-50,20 7 essentialis t prisons , Stirne r on , 12 8 Index 397 eterna l noon , 22 4 eterna l recurrence, theor y of , 13,204 , 223-35,251,273,275,30 6 applicatio n of , 23 1 consciousnes s and , 23 0 descriptio n of , 179-80,223-24 , 227-29,23 5 effec t o n F N of , 223,229,230,232-33 , 238-3 9 erro r in , 22 8 intimidatio n potentia l of , 230-3 1 source s of , 224-2 5 trut h and . 23 2 wil l t o powe r and , 294-9 5 “Europea n Nihilism ” (“De r europäisch e Nihilismus” ) (Nietzsche) , 295-9 6 evil , 192,29 6 Go d and , 34,7 6 Übermensch and , 26 6 see also goo d an d evi l evolution , 267,30 7 goa l of , 26 1 ma n debase d by , 261-6 2 Übermensch and , 262-64,266-6 8 see also Darwinis m “Exhortatio n t o th e Germans ” (“Mahnru f a n di e Deutschen” ) (Nietzsche) , 13 6 “experienc e o f Being, ” 342-4 4 experimentum mundi, 32 8 Faber , Marion , 1 2 Fall , 34 4 Fanon , Frantz , 30 7 fate , 26,35-39,177,191-9 2 “Fat e an d History ” (“Fatu m un d Geschichte” ) (Nietzsche) , 35-37,38,223-2 4 Faust (Goethe) , 274,32 9 Feuerbach , Ludwig , 125,12 7 Ficht e johan n Gottlieb , 110 , 16 4 Fij i Islands , 14 9 “firs t an d las t things, ” 165.17 0 “firs t nature, ” 55,167,269-7 0 Flaubert , Gustave , 25 6 Force and Matter (Kraft und Stoff) (Büchner) , 11 0 forms , Plato’ s theor y of , 151-5 2 Förster , Bernhard , 284,33 8 Förster-Nietzsche , Elisabet h (FN’ s sister), 39,40,41,126 , 179,251,33 7 FN’ s correspondenc e with , 40,41,44 , 138,220,315,33 8 FN’ s imag e molde d by , 31 8 FN’ s literar y estat e controlle d by , 11 , 13,31 8 FN’ s relationshi p with , 13,167,246 , 250,270,31 5 FN’ s suppresse d remark s about , 13 , 30 6 Salom é and , 253,256-57,25 8 The Will to Power compile d b y Gas t and , 13,18,284,293,33 4 writing s about , 1 I n Foucault , Michel , 291,337,346-4 9 France , 70,32 6 Franco-Prussia n War , 67-68,70-7 1 freedom, 176-77,184,32 6 “fre e spirit, ” 13 9 “Fre e Spirit , The ” (“De r Freigeist” ) (FN’ s planne d essay) , 15 8 free will , freedom, 32,38-39,12 9 Frenc h “civilization, ” Germa n “culture ” and , 120,328,331-3 2 Frenc h Revolution , 12 0 Freud , Sigmund , 128,206,32 2 Friedrich , Caspa r David , 349-5 0 Fritzsch , E.W. , 28 3 Gast , Pete r (Heinric h Köselitz) , 126,179 , 203-4,221-22,229,233,244 , 249,252,269,270,274,298-99 , 303,311-12,31 4 Gay Science, The (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft) (Nietzsche) , 233-43,317-1 8 consciousnes s examine d in , 38 , 213-16,236-3 8 deatl i o f Go d analyze d in , 271-7 2 398 Index Gay Science, The (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft) (Nietzsche ) (continued) Dionysia n in , 7 9 emotiona l intensit y o f thinkin g describe d in , 18 1 eterna l recurrenc e in , 13,231,23 5 fifth boo k of , 264,284,285,29 8 FN’ s assessmen t of , 239,28 4 FN’ s divide d sel f in , 2 6 “instinc t t o preserv e th e species ” describe d in , 235-3 6 knowledg e analyze d in , 236,239-4 2 lov e analyze d in , 21 7 physic s praise d in , 29 1 trut h examine d in , 241-4 2 wave s a s symbo l in , 21,93,24 0 “genera l guilt, ” 7 5 genius , 20 4 ascetic s and , 26 4 o f Christianity , 297,33 9 definitio n of , 28 8 mankin d justifie d by , 19 1 military , 67,70,8 5 i n philosophy , 51-52,53,30 4 Gennaro , San , 245-4 6 Genoa , 15,204,206,219,233-34,243 , 244,245,24 8 “gentle ” vs . “tough ” Nietzscheans , 15 n George , Stefan , 326,33 4 “Georg e circle, ” 326,33 1 Germa n “culture, ” Frenc h “civilization ” and , 120,328,331-3 2 Germa n Revolutio n o f 1848,9 0 Germany,Imperial,85,108 , 111 , 112,11 7 Germany , Nazi , 332,334-35,34 0 Gersdorf f Car l von , 46-47,54,70,75 , 137,141,219,24 6 Gierke , Ott o von , 32 9 Gloeden , Wilhel m von , 24 3 God , 48,110,172,214-15,231,289 , 303,31 8 cruelt y and , 18 8 Darwinis m and , 113,30 7 de a d i of , 128,232,254,271-72 , 306-8,310,34 9 evi l and , 34,7 6 i n FN’ s earl y writings , 34,36,3 9 organi c vie w a s alternativ e to , 22 6 relationshi p betwee n th e worl d and , 7 6 replace d b y freedom , 12 9 a s warrior , 33 7 wrat h of , 18 9 gods , man’ s inventio n of , 17 4 Goethe,Johan n Wolfgan g von , 21,51 , 78-79,102,274,329,33 4 “Golde n Pot , The ” ("De r golden e topf’ ) (Hoflmann) , 5 7 goo d an d evil , 186,189,301,32 2 natur e and , 15 2 trut h and , 15 3 see also evi l Götterdämmerung (Wagner) , 9 2 gratitude , a s revenge , 18 7 Gray , Richar d T. , 1 2 Grea t Britain , 32 9 Greece , ancient , 81-82,87,90,91,99 , 140,141,189,190,28 6 an d chao s o f history , 12 4 idealizatio n of , 14 2 philosopher s o£ , 52,116-17,133 , 142-53,223,34 4 religio n of , 19 2 se e also specific philosophers “Gree k Musi c Drama ” (“Da s griechisch e Musi k drama” ) (Nietzsche) , 60-6 3 “Gree k State , The ” (“De r griechisch e Staat” ) (Nietzsche) , 67,71,73 , 74,85,14 8 Grim m brothers , 9 0 guilt , compassio n and , 166-6 7 Hamburger , Michael , 317 n Handwerk , Gary , 1 2 Hardy , Thomas , 32 9 Hartmann , Eduar d von , 123-24,126,15 7 Haydn , Fran z Joseph , 11 2 Hector , 6 9 Hegel , G.F.W. , 89,110,120-22,123 , 128,158,164,16 8 Hegelianism , 26 1 Heidegger , Martin , 14,212,340-4 5 Index 399 Heine , Heinrich , 20,76-7 7 Heraclitus , 52,68,77,79,102,116-17 , 162,299,328,335-36,33 7 “heroic ” approac h t o life , 5 1 Hesiod , 6 9 Hesse , Hermann , 33 0 historians , 5 3 historicism , “historica l process, ” 87,117 , 118-2 4 history , a s moment s an d events , 21 0 History of Greek Literature (Geschickte der griechischen Literatur) (Müller) , 6 0 History of Materialism (Geschichte des Materialismus) (Lange) , 47-4 8 History of Sexuality, The (Histoire de la sexualité) (Foucault) , 34 8 Hider , Adolf , 33 2 Hobbes , Thomas , 7 1 Hoch , Alfred , 33 7 Hoffmann , E.T.A. , 14,57,11 2 Hofmannsthal , Hug o von , 7 6 Hölderlin , Friedrich , 34-35,87-88,89 , 109,120,33 1 Hollingdale , R.J. , 1 2 Homer , 58,6 9 “Homer’ s Contest ” (“Homer’ s Wettkampf” ) (Nietzsche) , 68-69,28 6 Horkheimer , Max . 344-4 6 horror vacui, 2 4 Human, AU Too Human (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches), vol . I (Nietzsche) , 12,52,107,133 , 135,155,159-77,182-200 , 201-3,217-18,260,283,288 , 290-91,299,338,34 8 bicamera l syste m o f cultur e in , 297-9 8 metaphysica l thinkin g critique d in , 170-7 1 moralit y examine d in, 182-9 1 nominalis m in , 162-63,16 4 nontragi c though t in , 16 3 prefac e to , 23,26,29,58,161,18 5 them e o f injustic e in , 16 8 “thin g i n itself ” and , 164-6 5 writin g of , 15 9 Human, All Too Human (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches), vol . I I (Nietzsche) , 149,159,171 , 197-98,29 9 a s counterbalanc e t o FN’ s healt h prob - lems , 179,181-8 2 prefac e to , 23,92,153-5 4 socia l force s examine d in, 28 8 writin g of l 17 9 humanity : coinin g tragi c er a of , 268-6 9 naturalizatio n of , 227,28 9 self-preservatio n instinc t of , 235-3 6 Husserl , Edmund , 12 5 "hygien e o f life,"13 1 “Hym n t o Life ” (“Hymnu s a n da s Leben” ) (Salom e an d Nietzsche) , 24 9 “I, ” a s subject , 28,16 3 “icin g up, ” 16 1 idealism , 37,48,104,109-10,111,152 , 168,266,315,32 9 ideas , physica l realit y of . 24 2 Ignatiu s o f Loyola , Saint , 30 0 Iliad (Homer) , 6 9 immortality , Socrati c proof s of , 14 5 inanimat e realm , 22 6 incest , 188-89,24 6 incorporation , 204,237,273,27 6 individual : “dividualization ” of , 26,29,184-85,30 2 nominalis m and , 21 4 -1 5 individualism , 12 5 individuality , 3 9 Individuum est ineffabile, 130,211-1 3 “infantilization, ” 19 7 injustice , 16 8 inspiration , FN’ s visio n concerning , 220-2 2 instinct , 42,45,11 4 knowledg e as . 24 1 -4 2 “instinc t t o preserv e th e species, ” 235-3 6 intention , consciousnes s and , 208- 9 Internationa l Worker s Association , 7 2 “intuitiv e knowledge, ” 13 4 400 Index inversion , 12 5 Islam , 21 9 Israel , ancient , 18 9 Italy , 158,244,245,248-5 2 Jacolliot , Louis , 31 1 James , William , 34 9 Jaspers , Karl , 340-4 1 Jesu s Christ , 337,33 8 Jews : F N and , 64-65,283,338-4 0 Go d of , 33 7 Job , 7 6 Jünger , Ernst , 33 0 justice , 73,8 1 Kamshadal e people , 18 9 Kant , Immanuel , 37,48,7 8 79,164 , 176-77,231,35 0 Kantia n philosophy , 37,48,160,164 , 208,29 9 Kaufinann , Walter , 12,13,14,246 n Kessler , Harr y Graf , 32 3 knowledge , 81,83,118,125,131,139 , 142,155,15 7 biologica l prehistor y of , 17 1 -7 2 disenchantmen t o f natur e through , 17 5 a s “free , fearles s hovering, ” 21 7 in The Gay Science , 236,239-4 2 intrinsi c beaut y of , 278-7 9 “intuitive, ” 13 4 perspectivis t visio n and , 22 5 phenomenalit y and , 21 1 presenc e and , 172-7 3 relativit y of , 20 2 a s self-referential , 17 4 Socrate s and , 142-47,149-5 0 transcendent , 4 8 triump h o £ 153-5 4 wil l to , 84,142-47,157,159,203 , 239-40,32 3 see also trut h “Knowledg e i s power ” (workers ‘ slogan) , 10 9 Köselitz , Heinrich , see Gast , Pete r Krieck , Ernst , 340,34 1 “labo r market, ” 12 3 Lange , Friedric h Albert , 47-4 8 language , 99-100,215,21 7 Large , Duncan , 1 2 “las t men, ” 34 2 Latin , 23 3 Laws of Manu (Jacolliot , ed.) , 31 1 Lebensphilosophie (lif e philosophy) , 319-20,321-22,326,327,32 9 Leibniz , Baro n Gottfrie d Wilhel m von , 7 6 Leipzig , 44,45,5 6 Lévi-Strauss , Claude , 10 1 Life of Jesus, The (Das Leben Jesu) (D . Strauss) , 11 1 linguisti c form , 18 0 “livin g dissonance, ” 6 2 logica l denia l o f th e world , 163-6 4 Logos , 63,101,14 7 London , 94,32 9 “Lord’ s Praye r o f th e Nineteent h Century , The ” (“Da s Vaterunse r de s Neunzehnte n Jahrhunderts” ) (Ortlepp) , 246-4 7 “Lorelei , The ” (“Di e Lorelei” ) (Heine) , 2 0 Lorrain , Claude , 31 4 Lotze , Hermann , 11 0 Louvre , 7 2 love , 217,278,33 9 Lovitt , William , 343 « Löwith , Karl , 34 3 Lucente , 57,25 1 Ludwi g II , Kin g o f Bavaria , 9 8 “lunac y o f genera l terms, ” 10 0 lust , 2 1 Ludier , Martin , 29 8 “Mademoisell e d e Scudéri ” (“Da s Fräulei n vo n Scudéri” ) (Hoffmann) , 11 2 Madness and Civilization (Foucault) , 346-4 9 Mahler , Gustav , 32 4 Maier , Mathilde , 13 9 Makart , Hans , 9 7 Mann , Thomas , 331,33 2 Index 401 Nietzsch e experienc e of , 324-2 6 Marienbad , 203- 4 Mane , Karl, 111,121,122,125,127,129 , 130,28 8 Marxism , 111 , 129,30 8 materialism , 47-48,110-11,117,122 , 229,32 9 mathematics , 15 1 maya, 51,10 0 Mayerjuliu s Robert , 22 9 Meistersinger, Die (Wagner) , 20,5 6 Meletemat a Societati s philologica e Lipsiensis , 6 3 memory , 28,3 2 Mencken , H . L.,32 9 Messina , 243,25 0 metaphysica l solace , 103-4,10 7 metaphysics , 116,122,135,146,174 , 232,34 4 ar t and , 196-9 7 critiqu e o f metaphysica l thinking , 170-7 1 Mette , Han s Joachim , 1 7 Mexico , 21 9 Meysenbug , Mahvid a von , 134,156,158 , 167,182,248,249,252,255,31 5 Michelangel o Buonarroti, 17 3 Midas , 8 2 “militar y genius, ” 67,70,8 5 mimesis, knowledg e and , 21 1 modernism , modernity , 61,104,109,32 4 Moleschott , Jakob , 11 0 Mongolia , 18 9 Monk at the Sea, The (Friedrich) , 349-5 0 Montaigne , Miche l de , 28,19 0 Mont e Sacro , 25 1 -52,25 4 Montinari , Mazzino , 1 2 morality , 37,161,175,182-91,194,305 , 308,310,322,32 5 FN’ s analysi s of , 300-30 3 FN’ s obsessio n with , 18 4 goa l of , 29 6 modernit y and , 10 4 nonmora l basi s of , 183,18 6 overturnin g of , 182,18 5 o f pity , 186-8 7 prid e value d over , 3 3 self-estee m an d self-contro l and , 188-8 9 trut h and , 188,189-9 0 Übermensch and , 264,26 5 Müller , Kar l Otfried , 6 0 Mushacke , Hermann , 4 6 music , 11 2 a s Dionysian , 65-66,10 1 -3,160 , 198-99,331-3 2 F N a s affecte d by , 15,19-24,40,45 , 56,83,108,132,166,196 , 331-3 2 F N a s compose r of , 24 9 F N a s performe r of , 20-21,32,58,13 7 FN-inspire d work s of , 32 4 FN’ s combinatio n o f philolog y and , 5 9 a s universa l language , 62,10 1 see also Wagner , Richar d mysticism , 213,32 4 myth , 83,86-90,140,142,153,159,33 6 FN’ s definitio n of , 86-8 7 Wagne r and , 88-98,102,15 7 Mythologica (Lévi-Strauss) , 10 1 Nachlass (FN’ s literar y estate) , 210,284 , 33 4 Förster-Nietzsche’ s contro l of , 11,13 , 31 8 Naples , 24 5 Napoleo n I , Empero r o f France , 3 5 Napoleo n III , Empero r o f France , 34-3 5 Nationa l Socialis t Party , German , 334-35 , 34 0 natura l sciences , see scienc e nature , 71,81,87,95,113-15,34 5 cruelt y of , 295-9 6 dehumanizatio n o£ > 227,28 9 a s Dionysian , 11 3 disenchantmen t of , 17 5 an d man’ s inventio n o f th e gods , 17 4 non-anthropomorphi c vie w of , 150-51 , 15 2 a s pla y o f forces , 29 3 presenc e an d knowledg e and , 172-7 3 progres s i n understandin g of , 14 6 teleolog y of ; 114-15,23 5 402 Index Naumann , C . G. , 31 8 Naumburg , 29,30,31,39,43,167,246 , 27 0 negatio n o f th e will , 46,48¹⁹,50,163,16 9 New Portrayal of Sensualism (Neue Darstellung des Settsualismus) (Czolbe) , 11 0 Ne w Testament , 32 9 Nice , 31 1 Nietzsche , Elisabeth , see Förster - Nietzsche , Elisabet h Nietzsche . Franzisk a (FN’ s mother) . 39 , 25 8 FN’ s correspondenc e with , 40,41,44 , 45-46,70-71,167,22 0 an d FN’ s refusa l o f communion , 43-4 4 FN’ s relationshi p with , 13,167,248 , 27 0 FN’ s suppresse d remark s about , 13,30 6 Nietzsche , Friedric h Wilhelm : academi c reputatio n of , 4 4 alienatio n of , 270-7 1 a s “anti-anti-Semite, ” 338-3 9 archive s of , 334,33 7 breakdow n an d madnes s of , 13,14 , 211,232,241,286,304,312-13 , 317-1 8 characte r an d dispositio n of , 20,25,26,30,44,166-67 , 254,256,270-7 1 chronicl e o f lif e of , 351-7 1 communio n refuse d by , 43-4 4 compassionat e dispositio n of , 166-6 7 a s composer , 24 9 detai l orientatio n of , 21 0 a s divide d self , 2 6 earl y readin g by , 34-3 5 efFec t o f linguisti c form s on , 18 0 fals e descen t claime d by , 30 6 famil y death s experience d by , 30,3 1 female-supervise d childhoo d of , 3 2 fina l yea r befor e breakdow n of , 304-1 6 healt h problem s of , 14,84,158,178 , 181-82,219,23 3 hierarch y o f pleasur e a s devise d by , 2 1 importanc e o f ac t o f writin g to , 25,2 7 life’ s callin g of , 22 2 literar y estat e of , see Nacklass a s “th e litd e pastor, ” 30,30 8 marriag e partne r sough t by , 248,25 0 militaris t reputatio n of , 329-3 0 militar y servic e οL , 27,54,67-6 8 penmanshi p of , 2 9 a s pianist , 20-21,32,58,13 7 politica l movement s oppose d by , 296-9 7 professorshi p of , 43,54,60,84 , 178-79,18 2 readin g habit s of , 34-35,12 7 reputatio n of , 283,316,317-18,320 , 34 1 self-imag e of , 15,25,28,29,30,36,53 , 55,60,66,150,178,230-31 , 269-70,304-5,314,315-1 6 self-observado n by , 26-28,42-4 3 self-style d detoxificatio n progra m of , 156,157-58,160-61,19 9 sexualit y of , 20-21,243-44,245-48 , 25 6 solitar y nake d dancin g by , 232,30 9 thre e stage s i n pre-universit y lif e of , 31-3 2 a s victi m o f ow n fantasies , 25 6 Nietzsche , Friedric h Wilhelm , philosoph y of : ai m of , 29 0 artisti c metaphysic s relinquishe d in , 13 5 autosuggestiv e aspec t of , 179-8 0 afte r brea k wit h Wagner , 139-4 1 coalescenc e of , 13 4 debasemen t of , 32 1 drive s in , 21 6 efTec t o f healt h problem s on , 1 4 eterna l recurrenc e and , see eterna l récurrence , theor y o f first decisiv e ste p in . 6 6 FN’ s breakdow n a s wa y ou t of , 24 1 i n FN’ s earl y writings, 33-4 1 influenc e of , 317-5 0 Lebensphilosophie, 319-20,321-22 , 326,327,32 9 Index 403 “monstrou s aspect ” of , 31 0 mora l imperativ e of , 18 5 musi c and , 19-2 0 origin s o f philosoph y o f lif e in , 11 9 powe r a s lifelon g them e of , 2 4 a s respons e t o demand s o f freedom, 18 4 Schopenhaue r and , 45,46-54,56,66 , 87,115-16,22 4 self-configuratio n in , 26,5 5 Stirne r and , 127,130-3 1 “suprahistorical ” in , 133,13 4 a s syste m o f thought , 158-5 9 tw o majo r interpretiv e camp s of , 15 « a s unceasin g adventure , 35 0 uniqu e styl e of , 5 5 see also specific topics Nietzsche , Friedric h Wilhelm , writing s of : aphoristi c for m and , 156,158,159 , 179,234,235,28 4 collecte d letters , 1 2 complet e German-languag e critica l edi - tion of , 12,1 3 conflictin g interpretation s of , 1 1 critique s of , 324-25,330-4 9 diarie s an d notebooks , 41,42,45 , 52-53,133,135,141,149,152 , 157-58,168,204,225,230-31 , 237,261,266,268,273,27 7 discover y o f one’ s ow n thinkin g through , 23 4 earl y attemp t a t novel , 4 0 Englis h translation s ο ζ 12-13,372-7 4 a s expressio n o f FN’ s strea m o f con - sciousness , 21 0 fantas y and , 32-3 3 FN’ s assessment s of , 155-56,219-20 , 234,239,274-75,298-99,31 3 an d FN’ s evolutio n t o primar y author , 15 6 FN’ s late r preface s to , 20,23,26,29 , 58,92,153-54,161,185,238 , 284,28 5 goal s of , 28-29,29 8 influenc e of , 317-5 0 parodie s of , 32 1 poetry , 31,32-33,24 7 pros e style s of , 31,53-5 4 publisher s of , 283,31 8 readershi p for , 28 3 sale s of , 283,31 8 Schlechta’ s editio n of , 14 η “secon d nature ” and , 5 5 standar d twenty-volum e editio n of , 1 1 Stirne r and , 126-2 7 studen t essay s an d autobiographica l sketches , 25-41,44-4 5 see also Nachlass; specific uni tings “Nietzsche , Genealogy , History ” (“Nietzsche , l a généalogie , l’his - toire” ) (Foucault) , 34 7 Nietzsche , Kar l Ludwi g (FN’ s father) , 4 3 deat h of , 30,31,32,34,17 9 Nietzsche (Bertram) , 330-3 3 Nietzsche (Brinton) , 15 « Nietzscheanism , 320-2 1 “Nietzsch e experiences, ” 32 3 Man n and , 324-2 6 “Nietzsche’ s Philosoph y i n th e Ligh t o f Recen t History ” (“Nietzsche s Philosophi e i m Licht e unsere r Erfahrung” ) (Mann) , 324-2 5 Nietzsche: The Philosopher and the. Politician (Nietzsche: Der Philosoph und Politiker) (Baeumler) , 334-3 7 “Nietzsch e un d da s Archi v seine r Schwester ” (Benjamin) , 11 « Nietzsche und Wagner (Borchmeye r an d Salaquaida , eds.) , 65,67,136 , 137,24 8 “nigh t o f th e gods, ” Hölderli n on , 8 8 “nobl e race,” 26 5 “noble ” vs . “base, ” 186,30 1 nominalism , nominalis t destruction , 127 , 130,162-63,164,21 4 noon , eternal , 22 4 Nordau , Max . 32 1 “nothingness, ” self-assertio n negate d by , 4 9 Novali s (Baro n Friedric h vo n Hardenburg) , 17 3 404 Index Odysseus , 80,345,34 6 Oedipus , 8 3 Oehler , Edmund , 4 4 Old and New Faith (Der alte und der neue Glaube) (D . Strauss) , 11 1 “Oldes t Systemati c Progra m o f Germa n Idealism , The ” (“Da s ältest e Systemprogram m de s Deutsche n Idealismus”) , 8 9 “O n Stat e an d Religion ” (“Übe r Staa t un d Religion” ) (Wagner) , 140-4 1 “O n th e Benefit s an d Drawback s o f Histor y fo r Life ” (“Vo m Nutze n un d Nachtei l de r Histori e fii r da s Leben” ) (Untimely Meditation II ) (Nietzsche) , 87,118-20,121 , 124,125,126,131,133,27 0 “O n th e Futur e o f Ou r Educationa l Institutions ” (“Übe r di e Zukunf t unsere r Bildungsanstalten” ) (Nietzsche) , 47,7 0 On the Genealogy of Morals (Zur Genealogie der Moral) (Nietzsche) , 183,186,285,33 9 FN’ s critiqu e o f moralit y in , 186 , 300-30 3 FN’ s rereadin g of , 29 9 origin s o f punishmen t analyze d in , 34 7 structur e of , 30 1 Übermensch in , 265,26 8 writin g of , 298,30 1 On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement (Freud) , 32 2 “ontogen y o f thought, ” 16 5 “O n Thit h an d Falsehoo d i n a n Extramora l Sense ” (“Übe r Wahrhei t un d Lüg e i m ausser - moralische n Sinne” ) (Nietzsche) , 77,84,131,159,160,162,172 , 174,21 1 Order of Things, The (Foucault) , 34 8 Origin of Conscience, The (Die Entstehung des Gewissens) (Rèe) , 18 3 Origin of Moral Feelings (Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen) (Rèe) , 18 2 Orta , Lake , 25 1 Ortlepp , Ernst , 246-4 7 Ott , Louise , 13 9 Overbeck , Franz , 126,220,233,250 , 257,258,269,275,284-85 , 312,313-14,31 6 Overbeck , Ida , 126-27,179,233,27 0 Paris , 72,75,98,139,25 1 Pari s Gommune , 73,75,76-7 7 Parmenides , 5 2 Pascal , Blaise , 15 3 pathos , 63-64,15 5 ar t and , 22-2 3 Paul , Saint , 30 0 peacemaking , 336-3 7 “pea k o f raptur e o f di e world, ” 105-6,28 7 perception , 207-8,21 0 perspectivis t vision , 22 5 Peters , H . F. , 1 I n Pforta , F N a t boardin g schoo l in , 31,32 , 33,36,37,39,4 3 Phaedo (Plato) , 14 5 “phantoms ” o f th e ego , 21 2 phenomenality , 21 1 phenomenology , 208-9,213-16,218 , 225,227,23 8 philology , 123,15 6 F N a s professo r oi l 54,6 0 FN’ s combinatio n o f musi c and , 5 9 FN’ s stud y of , 43,44-45,15 0 FN’ s transcendenc e of , 45,52,56,63 , 83-84,14 2 Wagner’ s interes t in , 5 8 philosophica l vitalism , 32 8 philosophica l “wanderer, ” 217-1 8 philosophy : drive s and , 21 6 FN’ s conceptio n of , 5 5 FN’ s firs t attractio n to , 4 5 geniu s an d actio n in , 51-52,53,30 4 Greek , 52 , 116-17,133,142-53,22 3 life , 319-20,321,326,327,32 9 a s longing , 15 2 a s scienc e o r art , 202- 3 Wagner’ s attemp t at , 5 8 Index 405 see also Nietzsche , Friedric h Wilhelm , philosoph y of ; specific philosophies “Philosoph y i n th e Tragi c Ag e o f th e Greeks ” (“Di e Philosophi e i m tragische n Zeitalte r de r Griechen” ) (Nietzsche) , 116-17,13 3 Philosophy of the Unconscious, The (Die Philosophie des Unbewussten) (Hartmann) , 123-2 4 physics , 291,29 2 Physiological Letters (Physiologische Briefe) (Vogt) , 11 0 pity , 186-87,30 8 Plato , Platonism , 52,58,74,110,143 , 144,146,153,171,213,34 4 theor y o f form s in , 151-5 2 “pleasur e contrivance, ” 2 3 “Plowshare , The ” (“Di e Pflugschar” ) (Nietzsche) , 158,15 9 Pobles , 3 9 poetry , 21 6 o f FN , 31,32-33,24 7 poiesis, knowledg e and , 21 1 politics , 296-97,325-2 6 power , 25,34,3 5 Dionysu s and , 34 6 F N a s philosophe r of , 24,33 4 geniu s and , 28 8 trut h and , 204,33 5 see also wil l t o powe r pragmatism , 320,321-22,325,34 9 “Praye r fo r Life ” (“Lebensgebet” ) (Salomé) , 24 9 pride , 3 3 prim e caus e (causa prima), 290,29 3 principium individuationis, 6 7 Prometheus , 32-3 3 Prussia , 7 0 psychoanalysis , 322-2 3 purpose , 327-2 8 racia l purity , Nazis m and , 33 2 radica l right , FN’ s appea l to , 1 1 reality , absolute , 78-79,160-6 1 realit y principle , 32 6 Ree , Paul , 158,22 0 caree r of , 182-8 3 FN’ s relationshi p with , 18 2 Salom é an d F N and , 182,248-53 , 255-5 6 “refine d cruelty, ” 187-8 8 Reflections of a Non-political Man (Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen) (Mann) , 32 4 “Releas e o f Unworth y Lif e i n Orde r Tha t I t Migh t B e Destroyed ” (“Freigab e de r Vernichtun g leben - sunwerte n Lebens” ) (Bindun g an d Hoch) , 33 7 religion , 81,89,127,142,182,25 4 ar t as , 88-89,96,140-41,153,161 , 33 4 declin e of , 307,33 1 FN’ s expoundin g of , see Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche ) functio n of , 191-9 2 a s majo r forc e o f existence , 7 0 powe r of , 30 0 trut h a s absen t from, 192,194-9 5 Wagne r on, 9 5 religions , genealog y of , 3 3 Renaissance , Italian , 26 5 reproductio n b y th e weak , FN’ s opposi - tio n to , 33 7 responsibility , declin e of , 17 6 revolution , Wagne r on , 9 1 -9 2 Rheingold, Dos (Wagner) , 9 3 Rickert , Heinrich , 31 9 Ring des Nibelungen (Wagner) , 9 1 -95,9 8 Ritsehl , Friedrich , 44-45,59,63,8 3 Ritsehl , Sophie , 5 9 Robbers, The (Die Räuber) (Schiller) , 3 3 Röcken , FN’ s childhoo d departur e from , 30,31,3 4 Rohde , Erwin , 19,20,46,53,56-57,63 , 65,67,70,135,315,33 2 Roma n Empire , 19 3 Romanticism , Romantics , 89-90,109 , 112,33 1 Rome , 244,248,249,250-51,25 5 Rorty , Richard , 34 9 406 Index Rosenberg , Alfred , 33 4 Roussea u jea n Jacques , 5 1 Rüge , Arnold , 12 1 saints , psycholog y of , 19 3 Sain t Vitu s dances , 6 1 Salaquardajörg , 1 7 Salis , Met a von , 299,301,31 3 Salomé , Lou , 222,238,244,248-57 , 258,27 3 backgroun d of , 248-4 9 F N an d Rè e and , 182,248-53 , 255-5 6 FN’ s first word s to , 250-5 1 FN’ s marriag e proposal s to , 251-5 2 FN’ s relationshi p with , 25 1 -5 7 writing s of , 249,25 5 “Sanctu s Januarius ” (Nietzsche) , 233-35,245-46,25 8 Sanskrit , 31 1 Scheler , Max , 327,32 8 Schelling , Friedric h Wilhel m Josep h von , 89,120,164,32 7 Schille r Johan n Christo f Friedric h von , 33,102,16 8 Schlegel , Friedrich , 8 9 Schmeitzner , Ems t (FN’ s publisher) , 219 , 28 3 Schmitt , Carl , 12 5 Schopenhauer , Arthur , 14,78,95-96 , 101,123,163,165,167,169 , 186,265,287,300,328,33 2 FN’ s studie s of , 45,46-54,56,66,87 , 115-16,22 4 Wagne r on , 5 7 “Schopenhaue r a s Educator ” (“Schopenhaue r al s Erzieher” ) (Untimely Meditation III ) (Nietzsche) , 47,49-51,53,108 , 113-14,115,259-60,26 4 science , 36,78,81,108,165,171,192 , 200,232,290.305- 6 an d bicamera l syste m o f culture , 200 , 202,297-98,32 5 an d deat h o f God , 30 7 Democritu s and , 15 0 disenchantmen t o f natur e through , 17 5 a s forc e o f equilibrium , 201- 2 pai n an d jo y brough t by , 23 8 practical , 16 6 “proble m of, ” 195-9 6 sensor y perceptio n contradicte d by , 15 1 valu e judgment s and , 19 1 “secon d nature, ” 54-55,167,190 , 269-70,305,30 6 custom s and , 18 9 definitio n of , 5 5 self-assertion , negatio n of , 4 9 self-configuration , 290,32 1 Christianit y and , 2 9 FN’ s imperativ e for , 2 6 throug h language , 5 5 Übermensch and , 259-6 0 self-control , 188-8 9 self-denial , 4 5 self-disgust , 19 8 self-enhancement , 29 7 self-esteem , 192-9 3 self-love , 25-2 6 “self-reflection, ” 190-9 1 self-regard , 18 6 “self-splitting, ” 183-8 4 self-transcendence , 265,279,28 1 -8 2 sentien t life , a s error , 22 6 sexuality , 32 3 o f FN , 20-21,243-44,245-48,25 6 trut h and , 24 7 Sicily , 24 3 Siegfried Idyll (Wagner) , 5 8 Silenus , 8 2 Sils-Maria , 220,233,261,30 3 Surle j boulde r of , 204,221,222,229 , 238,251,277,28 9 Simmel , Georg , 125,228,327-2 8 Simple Faith and Science (Köhlerglaube und Wissenschaft) (Vogt) , 11 0 sinfu l feelings , origin s of , 19 2 sirens , Adorn o an d Horkheime r on , 34 5 “slav e morality, ” 30 2 slavery , 68,71,74-75,77,14 8 Index 407 Smith , Douglas , 1 2 socia l forces , morphologica l theor y of , 28 8 socialism , 29 6 Socrates , 63-65,80,117,118,142-47 , 149-50,153,34 4 “Socrate s an d TYagedy ” (“Socrate s un d di e Tragödie” ) (Nietzsche) , 63-6 4 solipsism , 20 8 Sophocles , 28 7 Sorrento , 158,159,178,18 2 Spengler , Oswald , 33 0 sphinx , riddl e of , 8 3 Spinoza , Baruch , 110,33 8 Spir , Afrikan , 161-6 2 state , 7 1 a s majo r forc e o f existence , 7 0 Stirner , Ma x (Johan n Caspa r Schmidt) , 125-31,134,13 9 Strauss , Davi d Friedrich , 106,111-13 , 115,157,262-6 3 Strauss , Richard , 32 4 “struggl e fo r existence, ” 28 6 Strugge for God, A (Im. Kampf um Gott) (Salomé) , 25 5 Stuck , Franz , 9 7 substance : Spinoz a on , 11 0 Spi r on , 161-6 2 superego , 12 8 “suprahistorical, ” FN’ s theor y of , 133,13 4 Swift , Jonathan , 18 7 Switzerland , 91,22 0 symbolists , 32 6 taboos , 188-8 9 Taine , Hippolyte , 31 5 Taut , Bruno , 32 4 Tautenburg , 248,253-55,256,27 3 Temptation of Saint Anthony (Flaubert) , 25 6 Thaïes , 133,13 5 theodicy , 7 6 “thin g i n itself, ” 48,78,160,164-65 , 199,20 8 things , peopl e possesse d by , 22 6 thinking , a s emotiona l act , 18 1 “thinkin g from without, ” 29 1 thought , 21 0 consciousnes s a s produc t of , 2 8 Thought and Reality (Denken und Wirklichkeit) (Spir) , 161-6 2 Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Also sprach Zarathustra) (Nietzsche) , 29 , 243,257-75,276-83,295,313 , 320,322,334,33 5 dance s o f lif e in , 279-81,309,32 4 eterna l recurrenc e and , 231,273,275 , 277,27 9 FN’ s assessmen t of , 274-75,29 9 imag e o f eterna l noo n in, 22 4 inspiration s fo r mask s in , 27 5 inversio n an d self-referentialit y in , 278 , 27 9 organizationa l pla n for , 27 7 a s religiou s tract , 254,27 2 Übermensch doctrin e expounde d in , 258-75,277,27 9 wartim e distributio n of , 32 9 wil l t o powe r in , 277,279,281-83 , 286-8 7 writin g of , 257,269,274,276-7 7 Thus Spoke Zarathustra (R . Strauss) , 32 4 Tieck , Ludwig , 4 0 time , 34 3 Bergsonian , 327 FN’ s visio n ο ζ 4 1 Schopenhauer’ s vie w of , 22 4 see also eterna l recurrence , theor y o f Titans , 32-3 3 Tolstoy , Leo , 7 7 “tough ” vs . “gentle ” Nietzscheane , 15 w Trampedach , Mathilde , 250,25 1 transcenden t knowledge , 4 8 “transfigure d physis ,” 5 0 Tribschen , 57,64,84,13 6 Tristan and Isolde (Tristan und Isolde) (Wagner) , 22,5 6 “Triumpha l Song ” (“Triumphlied” ) (Brahms) , 13 7 Troeltsch , Ernst , 32 9 408 Index truth , 52,153,159,16 6 an d beaut y o f expression , 180,24 2 denia l of , 312,32 1 difficult y o f pursui t of , 4 4 equalit y o f acces s to , 14 7 eterna l recurrenc e and , 23 2 histor y of , 241-4 2 a s “mobil e arm y o f metaphors, ” 16 2 moralit y and , 188,189-9 0 no t foun d i n religion , 192,194-9 5 orientatio n through , 3 7 pai n oppose d by , 17 9 powe r and , 204,33 5 sexualit y and , 24 7 wil l to , 163,169,235,238,34 8 see also knowledg e Tucholsky , Kurt , 1 1 Tuileries , 7 2 Tunis , 21 9 Turin , 232,284,299,306,309,311 , 313,31 6 “Turin ” (Benn) , 317 π Twilight of the Idols ( Götzendämmerung) (Nietzsche) , 19,158,285,290 , 299,305,311,329-30,33 9 “tyrant s o f th e spirit, ” 5 2 Übermensch, 35,108,158,167,230 , 232,258-75,277,279 , 311,31 5 descriptio n of , 259-60,263-69,27 1 evolutio n and , 262-64,266-6 8 Renaissanc e a s embodimen t of , 26 5 a s respons e t o deat h o f God , 271-7 2 unconscious , 206,32 3 “undetermine d animal, ” 3 7 universe : i n eterna l recurrenc e theory , 23 5 a s organism , 22 6 Untimely Meditations (Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen) (Nietzsche) , 107,142,156,259,283,291 , 301,32 4 I (“Davi d Strauss”) , 85,106,109 , 111-1 3 Π (“O n th e Benefit s an d Drawback s o f Histor y fo r Life”) , 87,118-20 , 121,124,125,126,131,133,27 0 Π Ι (“Schopenhaue r a s Educator”) , 47 , 49-51,53,108,113-14 , 115,259-60,26 4 I V (“Wagne r i n Bayreuth”) , 19-20 , 86,99,100,104,106-7,112 , 137-38,139,14 2 “untruth, ” 16 9 utilitarianism , 32 9 valu e judgments , scienc e and , 19 1 Vedas,31 1 Vienna , 251,32 3 Vill a Silberbück , 31 8 Vischer-Biifinger , Wilhelm , 7 2 vitalism , 32 8 Vogt , KaH , 11 0 völkische Beobachter, Der, 33 4 Wagner , Cosima , 54,57-58,64-65,67 , 71,94,136,137,138,199,25 3 Vfegner , Richard , 14,59-60,68,111,149 , 157,196,198,243,253,275 , 283,287,324,33 1 o n ar t an d revolution , 91-9 2 ar t a s religio n for , 88-89,140-4 1 autobiograph y of , 5 8 o n The Birth of Tragedy, 8 4 deat h of , 24 8 F N an d musi c of , 15,19,20,21,22 , 56-58,84,85-86,99,101,105 , 106-7,132,133-3 4 FN’ s brea k with , 86,93,98,133 , 134-39,142,150,203-4,27 0 FN’ s friendship with , 56-58,135 , 203-4,33 2 FN’ s writing s on , see Case of Wagner, The; “Wagne r i n Bayreuth ” Germani c histor y stage d by , 11 8 Jew s and , 64-6 5 myt h and , 88-98,10 2 philolog y a s interes t of , 5 8 o n Schopenhauer , 5 7 Index 409 self-mythologizin g by , 97-9 8 “Wagne r i n Bayreuth ” (Untimely Meditation IV ) (Nietzsche) , 19-20,86,99,100,104,106-7 , 112,137-38,139,14 2 Otogne r Society , 13 6 Wahnfried , 10 6 war , 67-71,77,85,328-29,336-3 7 “wa r o f al l agains t all ” (bellum omnium contra omnes ), 71,11 3 Weber , Max , 88,191,32 5 Weimar , 318,33 7 “W e Philologists ” (“Wi r Philologen” ) (FN’ s planne d essay) , 142,15 6 Werfel , Franz , 32 6 Wigman , Mary , 32 4 Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , Ulrich , 8 3 Wilhel m 1 , Kaiser , 10 6 Wilhelminia n culture , 32 0 will , 45,78,115-16,19 9 t o configure , 11 7 immortalit y o f th e essenc e of , 22 4 t o knowledge, 84,142-47,157,159 , 203,239-40,32 3 militar y dimensio n of , 68-6 9 musi c a s expressio n of , 10 1 negado n of , 46,48-49,50,163,16 9 t o truth , 163,169,235,238,34 8 wil l t o power , 52,108,185,200,305,308 , 310,321,322,339,341-42,34 7 essenc e of , 293-94,30 0 eterna l recurrenc e and , 294-9 5 FN’ s earl y experimentin g with , 4 6 philosoph y of , 289-90,29 2 i n Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 277,279 , 281-83,286-8 7 Will to Power, The (Der Wille Zur Macht) (Nietzsche) , 13-14,73,74,158 , 211,26 8 FN’ s plan s an d note s for , 13,266 , 284-86,292,295-96,298,30 4 Förster-Nietzsch e an d Gast’ s compila - tion of , 13,284 , 293,33 4 Winckelmann , Johann Joachim , 14 2 work , 74,111,123,127,148^ 9 Works and Days (Hesiod) , 6 9 World as Will and Representation, The (Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung ) (Schopenhauer) , 4 5 Worl d Wa r 1,328,32 9 wrath , divine , 18 9 “wretche d o f th e earth, ” 307- 8 yout h movement , 32 0 Zarathustra , 22 2 “Zarathustra’ s Return ” (“Zarathustra s Wiederkehr” ) (Hesse) , 33 0 Zeus , 33,6 9 Abou t the Autho r Rüdiger Safranksi , bor n i n Kottweil , Germany , i n 1945 , i s a renowne d schola r o f philosophy . A s a youn g man , h e worke d i n a hom e for trouble d youth s befor e enterin g th e university , wher e h e studie d Germa n literature , philosophy , history , an d ar t history , an d taugh t a t th e Fre e Universit y o f Berli n befor e beginnin g a distin - guishe d caree r a s a write r an d criti c i n 1985 . Hi s previou s books , al l the Wild Years of Philosophy (1991 ) *nà Martin Heidegger Between Good and EM (1998) , bot h o f whic h ar e availabl e in English , λ biograph y o f Ε . T . A . Hoffmann , an d othe r philosophica l works . Praisin g th e Heidegge r biography , Richar d Rort y commente d i n th e New York Times Book Bevies ‘I t i s th e first comprehensiv e biograph y o f th e man , an d supersede s bot h Victo r Farias’ s Heidegger and Nazism an d Hug o Otf s Martin Heidegger: A Political Life:' Ove r th e cours e o f th e las t decade , Safransk i ha s bee n awarde d th e Friedric h Merke r Priz e fo r Essay s (1995) , th e Wilhel m Hein e Meda l o f th e Main z Academ y (1996) , th e Erns t Rober t Curtiu s Priz e (1998) , an d di e Friedric h Nietzsch e Priz e (2000) . H e live s i n Berlin . 411 Abou t th e Translato r Shelley Frisch wa s bor n an d educate d i n Ne w Yor k City . Sh e receive d a doctorat e i n Germani e language s an d literature s from Princeto n Universit y an d ha s taugh t Germa n literature , film studies , an d humanitie s a t Columbi a University , Haverfor d College , an d Rutger s University . He r scholarshi p o n exil e literatur e ha s bee n sup - porte d b y th e America n Counci l o f Learne d Societies , th e Nationa l Endowmen t for th e Humanities , th e DAAD , an d othe r grantin g insti - tutions . Sh e ha s serve d a s executiv e edito r o f th e Germanic Review ha s wo n a prestigiou s journalis m award . He r translation s from Germa n int o Englis h includ e severa l book s an d numerou s essay s fo r leadin g newspaper s an d journals . Sh e live s i n Princeton , Ne w Jersey , wit h he r husban d an d thei r tw o sons . 12