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(1964). The art of memory . London: Dent. Zaporozhets, A. V., & Elkonin, D. B. (1971). The psychology of preschool children (J. Shybut & S. Simon, Trans.). Oxford: MIT Press. References 287 Author index Aitkin, K. J., 207 Ach, N., 52, 69, 210 Adey, M. S., 220 Adler, A., 128 Althusser, L., 163 Arnold, M., 130 Ault, R., 210 Austin, J., 210 Ausubel, D., 128, 199, 200, 202, 219, 220, 239, 249 Baillargeon, R., 205, 206 Bakhtin, M. M., 144, 162 Baldwin, J. M., 47, 103, 170, 202 Bandura, A., 137 Bara, B., 186 Barnes, S., 214 Bartlett, F. C., 100 Basinger, K. S., 203 Bekhterev, V. M., 2, 12, 25, 48, 96 Bennett, N., 145 Berk, L., 177 Bernstein, B., 123, 138, 184 Berry, J. W., 179, 181 Bindman, M., 202 Bleuler, E., 239 Bliss, J., 136, 177 Bloom, L., 101, 180, 183, 184, 208, 209, 235 Bogdanov, A. A., 124, 131 Booth, D., 128, 178 Bountrogianni, M., 129 Bourke, S., 145 Bovet, M., 179 Bower, T. G. R., 205 Bowlby, J., 202 Bozhovich, 22, 104, 116, 214, 223, 239, 242 Bradley, B., 116, 202 Bransford, J. D., 132, 249 Brophy, J. T., 145, 239, 249 Brown, A., 116, 153, 187, 189, 209, 214 Bruner, J. S., 45, 126, 142, 151, 180, 210, 212, 228, 233, 234, 248 Bryant, P., 116, 202 Buhler, C., 101 Buhler, K., 24, 47, 49, 50, 69, 206, 231, 241 Burkhardt, H., 235 Busemann, A., 63, 65, 102, 216 Butterworth, G., 207 Byrne, J., 186, 189 Campione, J. C., 153, 189 Campos, J. J., 207 Candland, D. K., 194 Cannon, J., 105 Carey, S., 205, 206, 234 Carr, E. H., 14, 27, 131 Carrol, J., 168 Cartesian, 188 Casati, 235 Case, R., 232 Cazden, C., 140, 144, 202 Chelpanov, G. I., 12 Chomsky, N., 213, 221, 225 Clark, E. V., 193, 194 Clark, H. H., 193, 194 Claxton, G., 140 Clay, M. M., 202 Cocciarella, N., 235 Cohn, A. G., 235 Colby, A., 65, 216 Cole, M., 17, 116, 123, 152, 179, 181 Colletti, L., 27 Collis, K. F., 69 Comrie, B., 194 Cornejo, C., 153 Crace, J., 145 Croce, B., 183, 251 Cross, T., 184, 194, 214 Crutch fi eld, R. S., 70 Cui, Z., 235 Cummin, C. S., 146 Daniels, H., 14, 123, 130, 140, 145, 153, 249 Darwin, C., 209 Darwinian, 240, 242, 248 Dasen, P., 179, 181, 192 Davies, R. W., 27, 131 Dawkins, R., 240 De Guerrero, M. C. M., 129 de Villiers, J. G., 208, 209, 219 de Villiers, P., 208, 209, 219 Deborin, A., 16 deCharms, R., 145 Delacroix, H. J., 60, 127 Demetriou, A., 232 Denham, S., 227 Dewey, J., 124, 249 Diaz, R. M., 177 Dienes, Z. P., 134 Dirlan, D., 231 Donaldson, M., 212, 248 Dragunova, T. V., 224 Durkheim, E., 3, 162 Efklides, A., 232 Ehri, L. C., 116 Eliasberg, W., 210 Elkind, D., 136, 178, 184 Elkonin, B. D., 123, 131, 215, 224, 236, 238 Elkonin, D. B., 21 Engels, F., 2, 22, 28, 31, 36, 38, 40, 85, 87, 112, 157, 158, 167 Erdmann, J. E., 161 Erikson, E., 65, 199, 200, 202, 217, 218 Evans, J. St B. T., 186, 189 Exner, F. S., 161 Fabio, R. A., 189 Ferrara, R. A., 153, 189 Feuerbach, L., 39, 106, 162 Flavell, J. H., 179, 188, 190, 191, 238 Fodor, J. A., 140, 143, 144, 232 Fraser, C., 214 Frawley, W., 101 Freeman, N., 128, 178 Freud, S., 63, 64, 108, 170, 202, 221, 240 Freudenthal, H., 134, 187 Fromkin, V., 193 Fukuyama, F., 124, 251 Fuller, D., 203 Furrow, D., 214 Furth, H., 190, 193, 194 Furtmuller, C., 128 Gallistel, C. R., 61, 62, 197 Galperin, P. Ia., 197, 214, 233, 234, 236, 238 Ganzen, V. A., 224 Garb, E., 189 Garcia, R., 186, 230 Gaskill, M. N., 177 Gelman, R., 61, 62, 187, 197 Georgiev, L. S., 197, 234 Gesell, A., 199 Gholson, B., 210 Gibbs, J., 203, 216 Gibson, E. J., 198 Gibson, J. J., 231, 232 Glasser, W., 129 Gleason, J., 208, 209, 214, 219 Golovei, L. A., 224 Good, T., 145, 239, 249 Goodenough, F., 199 Goodman, K., 116 Goodnow, J., 210 Gorsnedze, L. S., 151 Gouin, F., 141 Graham, L. R., 17, 22 Graves, R., 116, 127 Green, T. H., 124, 183, 251 Greenberg, G., 35, 83 Greene, J., 219 Green fi eld, P. M., 84 Grice, H., 228 Gri ffi n, D. R., 83 Grize, J.-B., 225, 230 Grover, L., 207 Gutfreund, M., 214 Guarino, N., 235 Guber, E. G., 249 Guthke, J., 189 Haenen, J., 13 Hakuta, K., 143 Halford, G., 232 Hall, G. S., 245 Hampson, J., 194 Haraway, M. M., 35, 83 Harre, R., 234, 235 Harris, A. J., 116 Haworth, L., 239 290 Author index Hegel, G. W. F., 6, 16, 25, 27, 28, 37, 98, 109, 115, 160, 168, 169, 201, 234 Herbart, J. F., 130 Herdt, G., 234 Heriot, P., 185 Hermer, L., 206, 234 Hinde, R. A., 35, 83 Hirst, P. Q., 163 Hjertholm, E., 177 Holldobler, B., 240 Holzkamp, K., 154 Holzman, L., 144, 234, 235 Hopkins, W.D., 84 Hunting, R., 188, 189 Hyams, N., 193 Inhelder, B., 126, 179, 186, 188, 190, 192, 210, 211, 216, 220, 224, 230 Ives, B., 128, 199, 200, 202, 219, 220, 239, 249 Jackendo ff , R., 235 Jaensch, E., 56, 208 James, W., 105 Jamieson, J. R., 194 Janet, P., 162 Jaspers, K., 241 Jespersen, O., 141 Johnson-Laird, P. N., 186, 189 Johnson, C., 232 Johnson, J., 239 Joravsky, D., 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 90, 104, 123, 131, 154 Jung, C., 71, 221, 241 Kabylnitskaia, S. L., 237 Kant, I., 201 Karpov, Y. V., 132, 249 Keil, F., 235 Kelly, M., 179 Klahr, D., 62, 197 Kohlberg, L., 65, 177, 203, 216 Kohler, W., 35, 49, 53, 69, 137 Kornilov, K. N., 12, 19, 23 Korsch, K., 250 Kozulin, A., 90, 154, 162, 189 Kretschmer, E., 107, 239 Krylov, V. Y., 209 Lacan, J., 103 Laing, R. D., 241 Lamb, M. E., 207 Landau, B., 193 Langford, P. E., 62, 134, 146, 168, 179, 186–189, 197, 203, 238, 250 Le Vine, E., 234 Lenin, V. I., 6, 16, 25, 124, 131, 163, 241 Leont’ev, A. N., 3, 18, 19, 21, 31, 45, 74, 76, 105, 190, 233, 234, 236 Leont’ev, A. A., 149–151 Lerner, M., 207 Levi-Strauss, C., 182 Levy-Bruhl, L., 3, 119, 162 Lewis, M. M., 101, 209 Lieberman, A. F., 199, 200, 202 Lieberman, D. A., 35 Lifanova, T. M., 11, 12 Lifschitz, M., 197 Lincoln, Y. S., 249 Littlewood, W., 143 Lockhart, K., 235 Luchins, A. S., 70 Luchins, E. H., 70 Lukacs, G., 124, 250 Lukes, S., 163 Lunacharsky, A., 124, 131 Luria, A. R., 17, 48, 63, 75, 104, 181, 241 Marcia, J. E., 202, 217 Marcuse, H., 183 Marx, K., 6, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 31, 33–40, 46, 80–85, 87, 95–112, 150, 157–159, 165, 166–173, 240–247 McKenzie, B., 205 McMeniman, M., 145, 239 McNeill, D., 214, 224–226 Mead, G. H., 3, 248 Meyer, R., 116 Mill, J. S., 183 Millar, S., 193, 194 Minick, N., 97, 150–152 Miroux, R., 193 Mitchell, P., 202 Modgil, C., 179, 191, 193 Modgil, S., 179, 191, 193 Montague, R., 225, 226 Moro, C., 206 Mullet, E., 193 Natorp, P., 251 Neisser, U., 235 Nelson, K., 103, 184, 191, 194, 214, 216 Newman, F., 144, 234, 235 Newport, E. L., 206, 234 Newstead, S., 189 Author index 291 Nielsen, L., 193 Nunes, S. R., 116 Nunes, T., 202 O’Connor, M. C., 141 OECD, 145 Ogborn, J., 177 Okamoto, T., 232 O’Malley, C., 128, 129, 141 Ostriakova, T. V., 210 Over, D., 186 Overton, W. S., 202 Oxley, P., 14 Palincsar, A. S., 153, 189 Palmer, H. E., 141 Papadopoulos, D. D., 154 Parmenter, G., 194 Pascual-Leone, J., 232 Pavlov, I. P., 1, 11, 12, 35 Payne, T. R., 19 Peill, E. J., 197 Peirce, C. S., 103 Pellegrini, A., 198 Penuel, W. R., 217 Perez, B., 143 Perls, F., 241 Peters, R. S., 203 Peterson, C., 198, 199, 200, 202, 217, 220 Piaget, J., 47, 61–63, 77, 85, 102, 126, 136, 168, 170, 178, 186, 188, 190, 192, 195, 202, 203, 205, 210, 211, 216, 220, 224, 230, 231, 245 Pinker, S., 192, 193, 213 Platsidou, M., 232 Plekhanov, G., 27, 163 Poli, R., 235 Polivanova, K. N., 224 Poole, M. E., 185 Portinga, Y. H., 179, 181 Postman, L., 70 Potebnya, A. A., 55, 124, 162 Pratt, C., 129, 202 Preisler, G. M., 193 Premack, D., 84 Price, R., 123, 130, 131, 145 Quine, W. V. O., 235 Randell, D. A., 235 Ratner, D., 152, 162, 226 Redgrave, K., 198 Reeve, R., 153, 189 Rei ff , P., 168 Resnick, L. B., 187 Reynolds, P., 184, 194, 214 Ribot, T., 38, 71 Ricciuti, H. N., 191 Richardson, D., 128, 178 Rieber, W. R., 235 Rips, L., 186 Robert, H., 84 Roberts, N., 214 Robinson, E. J., 202 Rodman, R., 193 Rodriguez, C., 206 Rogers, J., 145 Rogo ff , B., 141 Rosen, H., 185 Rosenkranz, K., 161 Rosenthal, D. A., 217 Ross, G., 228 Rubinshtein, S. L., 19, 21, 105 Rulcker, T., 141 Russell, B., 124 Sakharov, L. S., 54, 57, 65, 96, 98, 115, 190, 209, 211 Sander, L. W., 199, 200 Satterly, D., 214 Saussure, F. de, 226 Savage-Rumbhaugh, S., 84 Schachter, S., 227 Seagrim, G., 181 Segall, M. H., 179, 181 Serge, V., 16 Sevcik, R. A., 84 Shayer, M., 153, 220 Sheehan, G., 158 Shotter, J., 144 Shweder, R., 234 Simons, P. M., 235 Sinclair, H., 179 Singer, J., 227 Sipay, E. R., 116 Skemp, R., 187 Slavina, L. S., 223 Slobin, D., 214 Smith, B., 235, 251 Sochor, Z. A., 16 Sohmer, R., 144 Spelke, E. S., 205, 206, 234 Spinoza, B., 106 Spitz, R. A., 202 Spranger, E., 65, 216 Stahl, S. A., 116 Stein, H., 189 Stern, C., 61 292 Author index Stern, H. H., 141, 143 Stern, W., 61 Sternberg, R. J., 84, 192, 193, 210 Stigler, J. W., 234 Storr, A., 13 Subbotsky, E. V., 206 Sullivan, S., 128, 199, 200, 202, 219, 220, 239, 249 Szeminska, A., 188 Tartter, V. C., 194 Tesch, S. A., 202, 217 Thomas, K., 116, 187 Thorndike, E., 11, 96, 126 Thorpe, W. H., 35 Tillich, P., 241 Tolias, G., 116, 187 Tolman, C. W., 154 Toma, C., 144 Tomlinson, P., 123 Toomey, D., 180, 184, 185 Trainer, T., 203 Trevarthen, C., 207 Trotsky, L., 16, 131 Tryphon, A., 153 Tucker, R. C., 27 Tulviste, P., 189 Tylor, E., 246 Tzuriel, D., 189 Valsiner, J., 153, 162, 216 Van der Veer, R., 162, 180, 212, 216, 248 Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., 180, 212, 248 Van Sommers, P., 128, 178 Villamil, O. S., 129 von Humboldt, W., 168 Voneche, J., 153 Vurpillot, E., 193 Vygodskaya, G. L., 11, 12 Vygotsky, L. S., 1–5, 9–23, 26–34, 36, 38–40, 44–68, 71–93, 101, 105–127, 129–132, 134–149 Wallace, J. G., 62, 197 Walters, D., 137 Wang, S., 206 Weil-Barais, A., 189 Wells, G., 101, 140, 143, 153, 214, 234, 235, 249 Welty, C., 235 Wertheimer, M., 69, 100 Wertsch, J. V., 12, 14, 144, 152, 162, 163, 217 Westen, D., 227 Whitbourne, S. K., 202, 217 White, R. W., 239 Whorf, B. L., 192 Willows, D. M., 116 Wilson, E. O., 235, 240 Winsler, A., 177 Wood, D., 126, 128, 129, 141, 145, 228 y Gasset, O., 183 Yaeger, J., 177 Yaroshevsky, M. G., 151 Yates, L., 75 Zaporozhets, A. V., 215 Author index 293 Subject index Aboriginal Australians, 192 Abstract concepts, 27, 92 Academic success, 185 Acquired characteristics, 158 Action, 191, 192 Activity, 2, 75, 171, 226, 232 Adlerian, 129 Adolescence, 37, 57, 92, 95, 99, 100, 104, 110, 117, 134, 203, 210, 212, 215, 221, 224 Adolescent, 63, 65, 220 Adolescent thinking, 230 Adulthood, 203, 210 Advanced concepts, 68, 82, 152, 215, 232 Aggression, 240 Algebra, 97, 134, 230 Algebraic, 68, 98 Altruism, 240 American Sign Language, 193 Amplify, 233 Analysis, 165 Analytic, 61, 166 Analytic method, 165, 169 Animal training, 139 Anthropological, 40 Antisocial, 200 Apes, 31, 32 Arithmetic, 45, 61–62, 96, 98, 189, 198 Arithmetical, 62, 97, 116 Assessment, 189 Associationist, 246 Associations, 139, 170 Attachment, 202 Attention, 72–73, 76, 77–78, 97, 170, 215, 228, 237 Attention-directing, 228, 229 Authority, 63–64, 95, 102, 104, 203 Autistic, 120 Autonomous speech, 92, 117 Autonomy versus shame and doubt, 217 Behaviourism, 2 Behaviourists, 138 Biological dependency, 83 Biological development, 82 Biological evolution, 3, 27, 47, 240 Blind child, 135, 193 Bolsheviks, 15 Bottom-up learning, 91, 189, 196 Capitalism, 28, 38–39, 87, 159, 226 Capitalist, 29, 125 Carnot’s heat cycle, 167 Cartesian, 188 Cell, 169 Central Committee of the Communist Party, 14 Chemistry, 101 Child development, 91 Child rearing, 227 Childhood, 66 Choice, 78 Circular reaction, 47 Class consciousness, 87 Classes, 231 Classical Marxism, 1 Cognition, 32, 161, 219–220 Cognitive development, 177, 231, 238, 242 Cognitive functions, 161 Collaborative learning, 142 Command-administration model, 130 Commands, 46, 96 Commodities, 169 Communication, 99, 117, 171, 183, 229, 233 Communist, 2, 86 Communist Manifesto, 21 Communist Party, 15 Competence, 239 Complexes, 55, 58, 64, 101, 114, 209 Complexive meanings, 208 Componential meanings, 101, 208 Components, 78 Computer-assisted collaborative learning, 142 Concept attainment, 96, 114, 190, 210–211 Concepts, 3, 6, 22, 65, 67, 69, 90, 110, 116, 118, 177, 179–180, 210–212, 215–216, 232 Concepts proper, 196 Concrete operational, 181 Conditioned re fl exes, 11, 31 Conditioning, 4, 31, 48, 138, 236–237 Connectionists, 138 Conscious, 64, 105, 161 Consciousness, 2, 27, 28, 33, 38, 45, 67, 84, 87–88, 102–103, 107, 110–111, 114, 116, 134, 136, 157, 159–160, 172, 200–201, 233, 245–246 Conservation, 179, 197–198 Conservation of correspondence, 195 Constancies, 205 Construction, 181 Constructivism, 153, 234–235 Constructivist, 144, 153 Context, 61, 161, 250 Context principle, 146 Context-bound communication, 99 Context-centred, 45 Contradictions, 166 Control, 224, 239 Conventional speech, 92 Cooing, 47 Cooperation, 46, 86, 90, 93, 96, 102, 129, 218 Coordinates, 188 Corporate trainers, 140 Counting, 34, 62, 179, 197, 214 Creativity, 118 Crises, 112–113, 199–201, 218–220 Cross-age tutoring, 129 Cross-cultural, 178, 181 Cultural, 183, 196, 214, 236 Cultural ampli fi ers, 45 Cultural development, 246 Cultural evolution, 29, 158 Cultural learning, 232 Cultural level, 21 Cultural mediation, 39 Curriculum, 124, 129–130, 147 Cycle of development, 43 Darwinian, 240, 242, 248 Day care, 183 Deaf children, 135, 193–194 Decontextualised, 61 Defectology, 14 Dependent, 93 Development of the dominant, 47 Developmental dynamics, 28 Dialectic, 82, 103, 151 Dialectical, 5 Dialectical materialism, 23 Dialectical realism, 5, 82 Dialectics, 24 Dialogism, 140–141, 143–144, 249 Direct method, 141 Discipline, 129, 145 Discourse, 228–229 Discovery learning, 126–128, 249 Discrimination learning task, 210 Disembedded, 61 Dissociation, 66, 107 Division of labour, 30, 160 Dramatic play, 198 Drawing, 58–59, 128, 178 Dreams, 71, 119 Dynamic, 111, 159–160, 216 Dynamic functions, 81, 151, 215 Dynamic model, 3, 4, 81, 109 Dynamics, 38, 43, 62, 67, 72, 90, 110, 113, 118, 157, 246 Dynamism, 152 Early childhood, 94, 103, 110, 117, 216–217 Early speech, 207 Economic crises, 14 Economic development, 86 Education, 107, 123, 125, 249–250 Educational atmosphere, 185 Educational philosophy, 91 Educational psychology, 123 Ego devaluation, 200 Ego psychology, 218 Egocentric speech, 177 Egocentric, 237 Eidetic, 56, 208 Eidetics, 47 Elites, 227 Emotion, 48, 105–106, 226–227, 239 Enlightenment, 160 Epistemological, 162 296 Subject index Equation, 69 Ethnographic, 182 Etymology, 55–56 Everyday concepts, 189 Evolution, 44, 71, 158 Experience, 108, 172 Experimental Psychology Institute, 12 Experimentation, 170 Explicitness, 184, 185 Extraction mechanisms, 232 Fantasy, 71 Fascist, 86 Fear, 227 Feudal, 29 Feudalism, 30, 86–87, 226 Figurative, 161, 195 Figurative meaning, 98 Finland, 145 First language, 140 First school, 110, 116, 134, 211–212 For-others, 66, 114 Forces of production, 159 Foreign language, 141 Formalists, 163 Fossils, 39, 171 Freedom, 93, 241 Freudian, 217 Functions, 46, 72–73, 78, 171–172, 191, 215–216 Gene, 240 General education, 139 Generalisation, 116, 220 Generality, 97 Genetic variation, 158 Geometrical, 69, 188 Geometry, 100 German classical philosophy, 201 Gestalt psychologists, 101 Gestalt school, 70, 137 Gesture, 59, 207 Gestures, 67 Goals, 227 Goitre, 135 Grammar, 61, 116, 137, 213, 225 Grammar translation method, 143 Greeks, 36, 38 Hamlet, 11 Handicapped children, 147 Headstart Programme, 180 Hegelian, 81, 102, 161, 246, 251 Hegelianism, 87 Historical development, 33, 81, 84 Historical evolution, 240 Historical materialism, 85, 157, 170 History, 250 Human nature, 106, 242 Hurdle argument, 196 Hypothesis, 211 Idealism, 24 Idealist, 22, 25 Idealists, 242 Identity versus role confusion, 217 Ideological control, 17 Immersion methods of language teaching, 141 Imagery-based thought, 224 Imagination, 33, 71, 109, 118 Imitation, 45, 137, 236 In-and-for-itself, 66 Independence, 93, 104, 112–113, 200, 224, 247 Independent, 83, 93, 218 Individual progressivism, 135–136 Industry versus inferiority, 217 Infancy, 48, 50, 68, 99, 103, 110, 200, 205, 216, 246 Infant, 94, 206–207, 218 Inferiority, 128 Informal sign language, 194 Inheritance of acquired characteristics, 241 Initiative versus guilt, 217 In-itself-and-for-others, 114 In-itself, 66, 114 Innate, 207 Innate abilities, 205 Innateness, 206 Inner and outer selves, 104, 107, 120, 241 Inner and outer, 3, 66, 70, 81, 89, 172 Inner self, 66, 108, 112 Inner speech, 57, 98–99, 109, 143, 177, 221 Insects, 31 Insight, 71, 238 Instinct, 31–32, 215 Instinctive behaviour, 152 Institute of Psychology, 12, 14, 17, 18 Instruction-practice model, 132 Instruction, 178 Intellectual background, 162 Intellectualistic, 120 Interest, 136 Interests, 66, 124–126, 132, 142 Internal monologue, 57 Subject index 297 Internal actions, 238 Internalisation, 74, 78, 99, 102, 109, 143, 215 Internalised, 237–238 Invariants, 197 James-Lange theory, 105 Judgements, 55, 58, 98 Kharkhov, 17 Knowledge, 7 Laboratory of Psychology for Abnormal Childhood, 14 Lamarckian, 158, 240–241 Language, 19, 27, 38, 68, 77–78, 84, 92, 118, 149, 159, 161, 191–192, 206, 246 Language assistance system, 228 Language learning, 213 Language teaching, 143 Learnability, 213 Learning, 117 Learning di ffi culties, 250 Left Hegelians, 28, 106 Left Opposition, 14–15 Lenin levy, 15 Levels of activity, 27, 89 Levels, 46, 67, 246 Liberal philosophy of history, 1 Liberal, 251 Liberalism, 124, 251 Liberals, 131, 183 Linguist, 162 Linguistic, 101 Logic, 117, 187, 191–192, 230, 235–236 Logic of action, 192 Logical, 237 Logicism, 187, 235 Longitudinal studies, 199 Machines, 4, 27, 34 Manufactories, 46 Marxism, 23, 125, 131, 154, 158, 171, 251 Marxist psychology, 2, 13 Marxist, 15, 24, 81, 86, 149, 162, 168–169, 245, 250 Marxists, 16–17, 23, 125, 163 Masters, 94 Mastery, 102, 241–242 Materialism, 23 Materialist, 22, 161, 171 Mathematical, 187–188, 195, 237, 247 Mathematical experience, 238 Mathematics, 36, 101, 224 Matter, 234 Maturation, 47 Maturity, 29 Maxims, 228–229 Meaning, 44, 67, 70, 72, 78, 81, 95, 99, 101, 118–119, 138, 171, 177, 215, 219, 220–221, 225, 233, 235, 247 Meanings, 55–58, 115, 117, 161, 195–196, 208–209, 211, 216, 248 Means of production, 30 Measure, 34, 197 Mechanical materialism, 23 Mediate, 82, 97, 109, 146 Mediated, 72–74, 76–78, 215–216 Mediates, 96, 172 Mediating, 76, 108 Mediation, 93, 97, 118, 161, 171–172, 197, 215 Mediation of functions, 81 Memory, 47, 49, 72, 74, 78, 97, 215 Menshevik, 15 Mental models, 186 Mental retardation, 152 Method, 165, 170 Methodological, 154 Methodology, 154 Mid-life crisis, 221 Mind, 234 Mnemonic, 75 Modelling, 233 Moderate realism, 5, 153, 234 Modes of production, 29 Modularism, 207, 242 Modularists, 206 Montessori method, 180 Moral development, 36, 62–63 Moral outlook, 224 Moral reasoning, 203 Moral rules, 203 Morality, 102 Moro re flex, 48 Morphemes, 226 Motivation, 2, 4, 27, 29, 31–32, 66–68, 81, 84, 89, 104–105, 118, 136, 161, 170, 239 Mutations, 158 Naive ontology, 235 Naive physics, 50, 99, 235 National Curriculum, 130 Natural, 77 Natural, innate, 43 Naturalistic, 167 Needs, 124 298 Subject index Negativity, 112 NeoDarwinism, 248 Neoformation, 109, 166 Neoformations, 82, 89, 111, 113, 151 NeoFreudian, 218 NeoHegelian, 251 NeoPiagetians, 232, 242 New Economic Policy, 125 Non-spatial meanings, 224 Nonverbal tests, 190 Number, 206 Numbers, 182 Oedipus Complex, 107 Ontology, 235 Oppositional behaviour, 201 Orthodox Marxism, 21 Outer self, 108 Overcompensation, 128 Painting, 128, 178 Parallelogram of memory, 74 Party line, 15, 18 Pattern, 48 Peasantry, 21 Pedagogical psychology, 14 Pedology, 21 Pedology of the adolescent, 18 Pedology of the school age, 18 Perception, 72–73, 77–78, 92–93, 97, 198, 208, 215 Perceptual meanings, 113 Permanent concrete objects, 231 Permanent object concept, 205–206 Personality, 64–65, 67, 72, 89, 106, 111, 120, 142, 198, 201–202, 218–219, 223, 241, 247–248 Phases, 236 Philosophers, 234–235 Philosophical, 171 Philosophical materialism, 23 Philosophy, 168–169 Phonemes, 59–60, 84 Phonics, 116 Physics, 101, 167, 189, 206, 224 Piagetians, 181 Pick’s syndrome, 135 Play, 58, 67, 82, 90, 118, 152, 198, 215, 247 Pleasure, 227 Political correctness, 21 Political pressure, 91 Postmodernism, 5 Postmodernist, 144 Power, 218 Practice, 19, 27–29, 38, 43, 45, 67, 82, 87, 89, 90, 110, 118, 150–151, 177, 190–192, 233–234, 245–247 Practices, 237 Preconceptions, 249 Preconcepts, 57 Premodern, 39 Preoperational, 181 Preschool period, 73, 98, 104, 110, 179, 215, 217, 223 Presupposition, 228 Preverbal communication, 207 Pride, 227 Private slavery, 29, 86 Problem solving, 99, 228, 237 Problems of child development, 21 Production, 7, 30, 33, 38, 85–87, 93, 159, 171, 245 Productive activity, 32 Productive forces, 25, 250 Progressives, 131 Pronoun, 184 Propositional content, 95 Propositional logic, 230 Propositional reasoning, 230 Protekult, 16 Protestantism, 104 Prototype, 208 Pseudo concept, 114 Psychological Institute, 19 Psychological systems, 68, 246 Psychology of art, 11 Punishment, 126 Rationalist, 239 Rationality, 241 Reactology, 12, 22 Reading, 59 Realism, 152 Realists, 235 Reasoning, 186 Recapitulating, 246 Recapitulationism, 245 Reciprocity, 203 Re fl exes, 47 Re fl exologists, 139 Re fl exology, 1–2, 7, 11, 12, 22–23, 83, 140 Reformation, 160 Reinforcement, 233 Relations of production, 30, 159 Religion, 65 Representations, 50, 101 Revised clinical method, 190–191 Subject index 299 Rhetoric, 171 Romantic love, 37 Rooting re flex, 47 Rote learning, 132, 135, 138 Rules, 187 Rules of games, 63 Rules theories of reesoning, 186 Russian formalism, 163 Sca ff olding, 126, 128, 140–141, 143, 228, 249 Schema, 236–237 Schemata, 101 Schemes, 68 Schizophrenia, 135 Scholasticism, 104 School, 124 Science, 158, 234 Scienti fi c concepts, 189 Scienti fi c speech, 216 Second All-Union Congress on Psychoneurology, 12 Second language, 137 Selection reaction, 73 Self, 2, 37, 63–66, 70, 81, 87, 103, 106, 119–120, 159, 201–202, 216, 218, 221, 242, 245, 251 Self-con fi dence, 129 Self-conscious, 63, 66, 217 Self-consciousness, 3–5, 27–29, 38, 43, 67–68, 82, 84–85, 89, 102–103, 109, 111–112, 118, 159, 201, 203, 216, 245–246 Self-control, 94 Self-esteem, 128 Self-instruction, 57, 98 Semantic, 61, 69 Semantic development, 208 Semantics, 137, 225 Sensation, 161 Sense, 221 Sensory information, 193 Serial recall, 73 Set, 70 Set theory, 225, 230 Sets, 132–133, 225 Sexual attraction, 95 Shaping, 45 Signing, 195 Signs, 2–4, 5–7, 18, 28–29, 33, 37, 38, 43, 58, 67, 72–73, 84–85, 89, 96, 102–103, 110, 120, 149, 159–160, 162, 172, 190, 196, 213, 215–216, 232, 234, 236, 238, 241, 245, 247–248 Signs proper, 55, 226 Slavery, 160 Social constructivism, 144, 235 Social development, 44, 129 Social evolution, 27 Social interaction, 234 Social interactions, 206 Social learning theory, 137 Social mediation, 113 Social progressives, 126 Social progressivism, 124–125, 130–131, 144–145, 147, 250 Social progressivist, 141, 249 Social relations, 5, 27, 33, 38, 61, 85, 89, 93, 112, 118, 143, 150, 185, 241, 245–246 Social relations of work, 159 Social situation of development, 83, 94–95, 103, 111, 166 Social superstructure, 250 Social system, 151 Social theory, 168 Socialisation, 227 Socialism, 24, 250 Socialist, 29, 131 Socioeconomic status, 146 Sources, 157 Soviet psychology, 150 Spatial imagination, 100 Species being, 157 Species development, 29, 91, 231 Speech, 6, 47, 55, 67, 70, 72, 82, 90, 96, 99, 104, 115, 118, 152, 194, 214–215 Spelling, 60, 116, 127 Spontaneous, 96, 115, 178, 192, 211–212 Spontaneous concepts, 117 Spontaneous meanings, 96 Spontaneously acquired concepts, 189 Stage, 33, 83, 89, 97, 108, 111, 112, 114, 161, 178, 212, 217, 248 Stages, 4, 32, 61, 75, 81, 92–93, 95, 103, 120, 203, 218, 223, 238, 247 State slavery, 29, 86 Streaming, 132–133 Structural generalisation, 97 Structure, 117 Structure of generalisation, 97 Subitising, 61 Substages, 114 Symbol, 98, 161, 195 Symbolic, 56, 59 Symbol-like, 60 Symbols, 55, 119 Syntactic, 226 300 Subject index Syntax, 213–214 System, 109 System model, 151 Talking, 94 Teach, 249 Teacher, 249 Teacher-centred methods, 130 Teacher-centred model, 132 Teacher-centred, 137, 250 Teaching, 118, 136, 178–180 Teaching methods, 134, 146 Technology, 38 Theory of other minds, 206 Therapies, 129 Thinking, 71, 192 Thinking and speech, 29, 86 Thought, 5, 31, 81, 99–100, 118, 224 Tools, 2, 19, 27, 33, 38, 43, 50, 67, 89, 118, 150–151, 159, 160, 206, 245 Top-down learning, 91, 116–117 Traditional education, 139, 145 Traditionalism, 250 Transformations, 214 Tribal, 29–30, 40, 181–182, 223 Tribal society, 160 Tribalism, 38, 86 Trotskyites, 17 Truancy, 145 Trust versus mistrust, 217 Turn-taking, 207 Ultra left, 19–20 Ultra-materialist, 29 Unconscious, 66, 105, 108 Understanding, 188 Unhappy consciousness, 160 Units, 95, 108, 172 Unmediated, 76 Validation, 98 Validity, 111 Venn diagram, 186 Visual intelligence, 84 Vocationalism, 146 Walking, 94 Wild children, 194 Will, 63, 66, 102 Word meaning, 96, 108 Words, 226 Work, 33, 245 Writing, 45, 58, 60, 67, 82, 90, 96, 110, 118, 127, 152, 196, 215, 233 Youth, 29, 37, 220 Zinovievists, 17 Zone of proximal development (ZPD), 132, 133, 137, 188, 248–249 Subject index 301
