possess half or more of the global power capability pool at the outset of its incumbency. 9 In all fairness, Martel (1991) is attempting to suggest that capabilities that may work in one region will not necessarily work the same way or as effectively in another region. The point is well taken but it leads the author to overstate his case considerably. 10 Naval historians tend to prefer the greater detail found in Glete’s (1993) naval data set over Modelski and Thompson’s (1988) data which was designed entirely to examine hypotheses about naval concentration over a 500 year period. While there are problems in using Glete’s data for serial purposes, the same general decay patterns can be observed in both data sets, although Glete’s data stops short of addressing the question of British relative decline before 1939. 11 See Gardiner, (1956) for an example of how sea power sometimes turns up where least expected. 12 See Thompson (1992) and Rasler and Thompson (1994) for the development and application of Ludwig Dehio’s arguments to European regional politics since 1494. 13 See Modelski and Thompson (1988) and Gray (1992). 14 Similarly, French challenges (for example, involving Belgium, Mohammed Ali, and Switzerland) in the first half of the nineteenth century always stopped short of going to war with Britain. NOTES 231 15 Structural analysts, of course, do not agree on the existence of a British first term as system leader in the eighteenth century. 16 Some might be tempted to nominate Alexander but while the Macedonian attempted to conquer a respectable proportion of his known trading world (or global system), the nature of the operation possessed a number of more traditional regional expansion aspects. 17 See the five variable model differentiating violent challenges of system leaders from non- violent challenges in the preceding chapter. 18 For more discussion of these rivalries, see Ingram (1999a) and Thompson (1999). 19 The wartime ascendance of the junior partner has occurred before, as exemplified in the Dutch-British transition in the 1688–1713 fighting. 20 World War I was also inconclusive from a regional perspective as well. The Austro-Russian and Austro-Serbian rivalries ended in 1918 but others persisted. 21 The exact institutional form of the élite actors is beside the point from a long-cycle point of view. What is important are the roles that are played in global politics (that is world power, challenger, global power). In this respect, leadership long-cycle analysis is not nation- state focused. 22 While structuralists and antistructuralists have their interplanetary communication problems, it should not be assumed that structuralists find intraplanetary communication to be a simple matter. See, for example, Thompson (1983). 10 THE ANGLO-AMERICAN RIVALRY BEFORE WORLD WAR I 1 For example, the First Lord of the Admiralty counted France, Russia, and the United States as his specific referents in 1855 when discussing the basis of British naval superiority over its nearest rivals (Bartlett, 1993:55). 2 The peaceful transition of the United States over Britain is often thought to be a particular problem for power transition analyses (Organski, 1958/1968; Organski and Kugler, 1980; Kugler and Lemke, 1996) and leadership long-cycle analyses (Rasler and Thompson, 1994; Thompson, 1995). However, analysts working within these perspectives have, in fact, offered explanations. Organski (1958/1968) emphasizes that the inevitability of a prospective transition reduces the probability of conflict. More recently, Modelski (1999 and see the preceding chapter) has developed an argument about “democratic lineage”—a subject to which we will return in this chapter’s conclusion. 3 Nearly 10,000 American sailors were impressed by the British Navy between 1793 and 1812 (Maslowski, 1994:222). 4 Rock (1989:17) argues that the development of more amicable relations requires a catalyst to overcome policy inertia. It is tempting to interpret the 1895 crisis in this light except that the nature of the conflict seems so similar to the earlier crises. After conceding hegemony to the United States in North and then Central America, Britain conceded to the United States in South America as well, but only after the United States had emerged from a period of reconstruction and relative isolation into a once more expansionist mode. 1895 may have come as a surprise to British decision-makers but, in retrospect, it fits the general pattern so well that it is difficult to treat it as exceptional in any way. The one difference between 1895 and the earlier crises is that US-British rapprochement processes accelerated shortly after the end of the crisis, and therein lies the analytical temptation. 5 The leading sector concept is developed further in Thompson (1988) and Modelski and Thompson (1996). The basic idea is to focus on sectoral indicators such as steel and automobile production that economic historians give special attention to as important lead industries, as opposed to more aggregate indicators such as gross national product. In Figure 10.2, the British share reflects the aggregation of shares of raw cotton consumption, pig iron production, and railroad construction. The US share reflects the NOTES 232 aggregation of shares of production in steel, sulphuric acid, motor vehicle, civilian jet airliner, and semiconductors, as well as electricity consumption. 6 The US-British case may be an exception to Rock’s (1989:14) generalization that interdependence stemming from competitive trade is less likely to generate political benefits than interdependence based on complementary trade. 7 1901 is a strong candidate for the end of the Anglo-American rivalry. Perkins (1968:72) favors 1898 as the point after which the two states no longer saw themselves as competitors. Yet they remained competitive even after World War II, perhaps to 1956 and the Suez crisis. The question is when did they move down each others rivalry schedules sufficiently to consider the rivalry terminated. 8 Gelber (1938/1966:86) even describes the 1899–1901 years as a “state of experimentation” for British policy formulation. 9 This may not really be an entirely idiosyncratic factor. The low priority of North America and the virtual abandonment of the Canadians to their own defenses is a form of distancing oneself from a potential arena of conflict or, alternatively, a potential problem area of too little value to induce a continued presence. In general, it can be argued that the greater the distance between home bases, if not territorial boundaries, the less likely is militarized conflict between rivals (see Thompson, 1995). Thus, other things being equal, the pertinent distances meant that the Anglo-Dutch rivalry was more likely to become militarized than was the Venetian-Portuguese dyad. 11 PASSING THE TORCH IN A MANNER OF SPEAKING: THE SYSTEM LEADER LINEAGE 1 This study has benefitted from Kelly (1995a, 1995b) who explored some of these connections between system leaders. 2 See Bense (1924) for a detailed homage to Anglo-Dutch relations. The argument is updated by Haley (1988). 3 Although it could certainly be said that England did give birth to the United States. Nor would it be too much of a stretch to give the Dutch midwifery credit for the 1688 English revolution (see, for example, Israel, 1991). 233 REFERENCES Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989) Before European Hegemony: The World System, AD 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. ——(1993) “Discontinuities and Persistence: One World System or A Succession of Systems?,” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K.Gills, eds., The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London: Routledge. Adams, Richard E.W. (1991) Prehistoric MesoAmerica. rev. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Adams, Robert McC. (1974) “Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Trade.” Current Anthropology 15: 230–49. Adshead, S.A.M. (1988) China in World History. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ——(1993) Central Asia in World History. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Allen, P.M. (1988) “Evolution, Innovation, and Economics,” in G.Dosi, C.Freeman, R.Nelson, G.Silverberg, and L.Soete, eds., Technical Change and Economic Theory. London: Pinter. Amin, Samir (1993) “The Ancient World-Systems Versus the Modern Capitalist World- System,” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K.Gills, eds., The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?. London: Routledge. Arrighi, Giovanni (1994) The Long Twentieth Century. New York: Verso Press. Bagwell, Philip S. and G.E.Mingay (1970) Britain and America: A Study of Economic Change, 1850–1939. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Bailey, Thomas A. (1958) A Diplomatic History of the American People, 7th ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Barfield, Thomas J. (1989) The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, 221 BC to AD 1757. Cambridge, Ma.: Blackwell. Bartlett, C.J. (1992) “The Special Relationship”: A Political History of Anglo-American Relations Since 1945. London: Longman. Bartlett, Robert (1993) The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bayly, C.A. (1989) Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780–1830. London: Longman. Begley, Sharon (1997) “Location, Location… A Real-Estate View of History’s Winners and Losers”. Newsweek June 16: 47. Bense, Johan F. (1924) The Anglo-Dutch Relations: From the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third. ‘S-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff REFERENCES 234 Bentley, Jerry H. (1993) Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre- Modern Times. New York: Oxford University Press. Bergesen, Albert (1994) “Pre vs. Post 1500ers.” Comparative Civilizations Review 30: 81–90. Black, Jeremy (1986) Natural and Necessary Enemies: Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century. London: Duckworth. ——(1991) A Military Revolution? Military Change and European Society, 1550–1800. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International. ——(1994b) British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolution, 1783–1793. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1996) “Technology, Military Innovation, and Warfare.” The First Annual Center for the Study of Force and Diplomacy Lecture, Department of History, Temple University, Philadelphia, March. Blaut, J.M. (1992) “Fourteen Ninety-Two,” in J.M.Blaut, ed., 1492: The Debate on Colonialism, Eurocentrism and History. Trenton, NJ: African World Press. ——(1993) The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York: Guilford Press. Blockmans, Wim P. (1994) “Voracious States and Obstructing Cities: An Aspect of State Formation in Preindustrial Europe,” in Charles Tilly and Wim P.Blockmans, eds., Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, AD 1000 to 1800. Boulder, Co.: Westview. Boswell, Terry and J.Misra (1997) “Cycles and Trends in the Early Capitalist World- Economy: An Analysis of Leading Sector Commodity Trade, 1500–1600/50–1750.” Review 18: 45–86. ——and J.Brueggemann (1991) “The Rise and Fall of Amsterdam and Dutch Hegemony: Evidence for the Baltic Sound Tolls, 1550–1750,” in R.Kasaba, ed., Cities in the World- System. New York: Greenwood. Bouchon, Genevieve and Denys Lombard (1987) “The Indian Ocean in the Fifteenth Century,” in Ashin Das Gupta and M.N.Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean, 1500– 1800. Calcutta: Oxford University Press. Boulding, K.E. (1981) Evolutionary Economics. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage. Bourne, Kenneth (1967) Britain and the Balance of Power in North America, 1815–1908. Berkeley: University of California Press. ——(1970) The Foreign Policy of Victorian England, 1830–1902. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Bousquet, Nicole (1980) “From Hegemony to Competition: Cycles of the Core?,” in Terence K.Hopkins and Immanuel Wallerstein, eds., Processes of the World-System. Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage. Boxer, Charles R. (1972) Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415–1825: A Succinct Survey. Berkeley: University of California Press. Brady, Thomas A., Jr. (1991) “The rise of Merchant Empires, 1400–1700: A European Counterpoint,” in James D.Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Braudel, Fernand (1982) The Wheels of Commerce, translated by Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper and Row. ——(1984) The Perspective of the World, translated by Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper and Row. Brauer, K.J. (1984) “1821–1860: Economics and the Diplomacy of American Expansionism,” in William H.Becker and Samuel F.Wells, Jr., eds., Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789. New York: Columbia University Press. REFERENCES 235 Brawley, Mark R. (1993) Liberal Leadership: Great Powers and Their Challengers in Peace and War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Burt, A.L. (1961) The United States, Great Britain and British North America. New York: Russell and Russell. Cady, John F. (1964) Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cameron, Ian (1990) Kingdom of the Sun God: A History of the Andes and Their People. New York: Facts on File. Campbell, Charles S. (1974) From Revolution to Rapprochement: The United States and Great Britain, 1783–1900. New York: John Wiley. Cantwell, John (1989) Technological Innovation and Multinational Corporations. Cambridge, Ma.: Blackwell. Carter, Alice Clare (1975) Getting, Spending and Investing in Early Modern Times: Essays on Dutch, English, and Huguenot Economic History. Assen, the Netherlands: Van Gorcum. Chamberlain, Muriel E. (1988) Pax Britannica? British Foreign Policy, 1789–1914. New York: Longman. Chase-Dunn, Christopher (1989) Global Formation: Structures of the World-Economy. New York: Basil Blackwell. ——and Tom Hall (1997) Rise and Demise: Comparing World Systems. Boulder, Co.: Westview. Chaudhuri, K.N. (1985) Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chesneaux, Jean, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergere (1976) China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, translated by Anne Destenay. New York: Pantheon. Christie, Ian R. (1982) War and Revolutions: Britain, 1760–1815. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press. Cipolla, Carlo M. (1965) Guns, Sails and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400–1700. New York: Minerva Press. Clark, George N. (1931) The Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Clark, N. and C.Juma (1987) Long-Run Economics: An Evolutionary Approach to Economic Growth. London: Pinter. Cole, Charles W. (1939) Colbert and a Century of French Mercantilism, 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press. Constant, E.W. II (1980) The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Conybeare, John A.C. (1987) Trade Wars: The Theory and Practice of International Commercial Rivalry. New York: Columbia University Press. Crawford, Martin (1987) The Anglo-American Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The Times and America, 1850–1862. Athens: University of Georgia Press. Crone, Patricia (1989) Pre-Industrial Societies. Cambridge, Ma.: Basil Blackwell. Curtin, Philip D. (1984) Cross-Sultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. D’Lugo, David and Ronald Rogowski (1993) “The Anglo-German Naval Race and Comparative Constitutional ‘Fitness’,” in Richard Rosecrance and Arthur A.Stein, eds., The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Das Gupta, Arun (1987) “The Maritime Trade of Indonesia: 1500–1800,” in Ashin Das Gupta and M.N.Pearson, eds., India and the Indiana Ocean, 1500–1800. Calcutta: Oxford University Press. David, P.A. (1993) “Historical Economics in the Longrun: Some Implications of Path- Dependence,” in G.D.Snooks, ed., Historical Analysis in Economics. London: Routledge. REFERENCES 236 Davies, Nigel (1995) The Incas. Niwot: University Press of Colorado. Davis, L.E. and R.T.Cull (1994) International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth, 1820–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dehing, Pit and Marjolein ‘T Hart (1997) “Linking the Fortunes: Currency and Banking, 1550–1800,” in Marjolein ‘T Hart, Joost Jonker and Jan Luiten Van Zanden, eds., A Financial History of the Netherlands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dehio, Ludwig (1962) The Precarious Balance. New York: Vintage. Diamond, Jared (1997) Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton. Diffie, Bailey W. and George D.Winius (1977) Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415– 1580. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Dobson, Alan P. (1995) Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century: Of Friendship, Conflict and the Rise and Decline of Superpowers. New York: Routledge. Doran, Charles F. (1991) Systems in Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doyle, Michael (1986) “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80: 1151–69. Eberhard, Wolfram (1977) A History of China, rev. 4th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ekholm, K. and J.Friedman (1993) “‘Capital’ Imperialism and Exploitation in Ancient World Systems,” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K.Gills, eds., The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London: Routledge. Eldredge, N. (1985) Time Frames: The Evolution of Punctuated Equilibria. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Elliott, John (1980) “The Spanish Conquest and Settlement of America,” in Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol. 1: Colonial Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Elman, Colin and Miriam Fendius Elman (1997) “Diplomatic History and International Relations Theory: Respecting Difference and Crossing Boundaries.” International Security 22: 5–21. Elvin, Mark (1973) The Pattern of the Chinese Past. Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press. Emmott, Bill (1989) The Sun Also Sets: The Limits of Japan’s Economic Power. New York: Simon and Schuster. England, R.W (1994) “On Economic Growth and Resource Scarcity: Lessons from Non- equilibrium Thermodynamics,” in R.England, ed., Evolutionary Concepts in Contemporary Economics . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Fairbank, John K. (1978) “The Creation of the Treaty System,” in John K.Fairbank, ed., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ferris, John R. (1991) “‘The Greatest Power on Earth’: Great Britain in the 1920s.” International History Review 13: 726–50. Field, James A. (1984) “1789–1820: All Economists, All Diplomats,” in William H.Becker and Samuel F.Wells, Jr., eds., Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789. New York: Columbia University Press. Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus, eds. (1983) The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations. New York: Academic Press. Fox, E.W. (1971) History in Geographic Perspective. New York: W.W.Norton. Frank, Andre Gunder (1978) World Accumulation, 1492–1789. New York: Monthly Review Press. REFERENCES 237 ——(1998) Global Development: The Silver Age of China, 1400–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. Frederick, Suzanne Y. (1989) Policy For Power: The Role of Foreign Economic Policy in the German and Japanese Challenges to World Leadership. Ph.D. dissertation. Claremont, Ca.: Claremont Graduate School. ——(1999) “The Anglo-German Rivalry, 1890–1914,” in William R.Thompson, ed., Great Power Rivalries. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Freeman, C. and C.Perez (1988) “Structural Crises of Adjustment: Business Cycles and Investment Behaviour,” in G.Dosi, C.Freeman, R.Nelson, G.Silverberg, and L.Soete, eds., Technical Change and Economic Theory. London: Pinter. Friedman, George and Meredith Lebard (1991) The Coming War with Japan. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Furber, Holden (1976) Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Gaddis, John Lewis (1997) “History, Theory and Common Ground.” International Security 22: 75–85. Galbraith, James K. (1989) Balancing Acts: Technology, Finance and the American Future. New York: Basic Books. Gallagher, John and Ronald Robinson (1953) “The Imperialism of Free Trade.” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 6: 1–25. Gardiner, C.Harvey (1956) Naval Power in the Conquest of Mexico Austin: University of Texas Press. Garten, Jeffrey E. (1992) A Cold Peace: America, Japan, Germany, and the Struggle for Supremacy. New York: Random House. Gelber, Lionel (1938/1966) The Rise of Anglo-American Friendship: A Study in World Politics, 1898–1906. Hamden, Ct.: Archon Books. George, Alexander L. (1997) “Knowledge for Statecraft: The Challenge for Political Science and History.” International Security 22: 44–52. Gernet, Jacques (1982) A History of Chinese Civilization, translated by J.R.Foster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gibbs, H.A.R. (1935/1971) “English Crusaders in Portugal,” in Edgar Prestage, ed., Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood. Gills, Barry (1993) “The Hegemonic Transition in East Asia: A Historical Perspective,” in Stephen Gill, Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1993) “Hegemonic Transitions in the World System,” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K.Gills, eds., The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London: Routledge. ——and Andre Gunder Frank (1993) “World System Cycles, Crises, and Hegemonic Shifts, 1700 BC to 1700 AD,” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K.Gills, eds., The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London: Routledge. Gilpin, Robert (1975) U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation. New York: Basic Books. ——(1981) War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1987) The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Glete, Jan (1993) Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1860. Stockholm: Almquist. REFERENCES 238 Goldstein, Joshua (1988) Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. ——and David P.Rapkin (1991) “After Insularity: Hegemony and the Future World Order.” Futures 23: 935–59. Goldstone, Jack A. (1991) Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press. Gooch, John (1994) “The Weary Titan: Strategy and Policy in Great Britain, 1890–1918,” in Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein, eds., The Making of Strategy, Rulers, States, and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gould, S.J. (1987) Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press. Gray, Colin S. (1992) The Leverage of Sea Power. New York: Free Press. Guilmartin, John F., Jr. (1991) “The Cutting Edge: An Analysis of the Spanish Invasion and Overthrow of the Inca Empire, 1532–1539,” in Kenneth J.Andrien and Relena Adorno, eds., Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. ——(1995) “The Military Revolution: Origins and First Tests Abroad,” in Clifford J. Rogers, ed., The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. Boulder, Co.: Westview. Haber, Stephen H., David M.Kennedy, and Stephen D.Krasner (1997) “Brothers Under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations.” International Security 22: 34–43. Haley, K.H.D. (1988) The British & the Dutch. London: George Philip. Hall, D.G.E. (1964) A History of South-East Asia. London: Macmillan. Hall, John A. (1985) Powers and Liberties: The Causes and Consequences of the Rise of the West. Oxford: Blackwell. ——(1988) “States and Societies: The Miracle in Comparative Perspective,” in J.Baechler, J.A.Hall, and M.Mann, eds., Europe and the Rise of Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell. Hall, Peter and Paschal Preston (1988) The Carrier Wave: New Information Technology and the Geography of Innovation, 1846–2003. London: Unwin Hyman. Hall, Thomas D. (1991) “The Role of Nomads in Core/Periphery Relations,” in Christopher Chase-Dunn and Thomas D.Hall, eds., Core-Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds. Boulder, Co.: Westview. Hassig, Ross (1988) Aztec Warfare: Imperial and Political Control. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Headrick, Daniel, R. (1981) The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. Heathcote, T.A. (1995) The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600–1947. Manchester: University of Manchester Press. Heckscher, Eli F. (1964) The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation, edited by Harald Westergaard. Gloucester, Ma.: Peter Smith. Hemming, John (1970) The Conquest of the Incas. London: Macmillan. Hess, Andrew C. (1978) The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hodges, Richard (1982) Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade, AD 600–1000. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ——and David Whitehouse (1983) Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. REFERENCES 239 Hodgson, G.M. (1994) “Precursors of Modern Evolutionary Economics: Marx, Marshall, Veblen, and Schumpeter,” in R.England, ed., Evolutionary Concepts in Contemporary Economics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (1974) The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods, Vol. 2. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. ——(1993) Rethinking World History: Essays in Europe, Islam, and World History, edited by Edmund Burke III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hopkins, Keith (1978) Conquerors and Slaves, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Horsman, Reginald (1962) The Causes of the War of 1812. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Hugill, Peter J. (1993) World Trade Since 1431: Geography, Technology, and Capitalism. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Ibn Khaldun (1967) The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, translated by Franz Rosenthal. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Ingram, Edward (1997) “The Wonderland of the Political Scientist.” International Security 22: 53–63. ——(1999a) “Great Britain and Russia,” in William R.Thompson, ed., Great Power Rivalries. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ——(1999b) “Hegemony, Global Power and World Power: Britain II as World Leader,” in Colin Elman and Miriam F.Elman, eds., International History and International Relations Theory: Bridges and Boundaries. Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press. Israel, Jonathan I. (1989) Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ——(1991) “The Dutch Role in the Glorious Revolution,” in Jonathan I.Israel, ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jones, E.L. (1981) The European Miracle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1988) Growth Recurring: Economic Change in World History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Jones, Howard (1992) Union in Peril: The Crisis Over British Intervention in the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Jones, James R. (1980) Britain and the World, 1649–1816. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. Jones, Susan M. and Philip A.Kuhn (1978) “Dynastic Decline and the Roots of Rebellion,” in John K.Fairbank, ed., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jones, Wilbur D. (1974) The American Problem in British Diplomacy, 1841–1861. London: Macmillan. Kathirithamby-Wells, Jeyamalar (1993) “Restraints on the Development of Merchant Capitalism in Southeast Asia before c. 1800,” in Anthony Reid, ed., Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief Ithaca., NY: Cornell University Press. Katzenstein, Peter J. and Nobuo Okawara (1993) “Japan’s National Security: Structures, Norms, and Policies.” International Security 17: 84–118. Kelly, D.S. (1995a) “The Mediterranean Origins of Leadership Long Cycles: Venetian- Genoese Rivalry and the Rise of Portugal as a Global Power.” Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Chicago, Illinois, February. ——(1995b) “International Finance and Global Leadership Transitions.” Unpublished manuscript, Department of Political Science, Indiana University. REFERENCES 240 Kennedy, Paul (1976) The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. New York: Scribners’ Sons. ——(1980) The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914. London: Allen and Unwin. ——(1983) Strategy and Diplomacy, 1870–1945. London: Allen and Unwin. ——(1987) The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House. Knecht, R.J. (1982) Francis I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kugler, Jacek and Douglas Lemke, eds. (1996) Parity and War. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Ladd, Everett C. and Karlyn H.Bowman (1996) Public Opinion in American and Japan: How We See Each Other and Ourselves. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute Press. Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy (1987) The Royal French State, 1410–1610. Cambridge, Ma: Blackwell. Landes, David S. (1998) The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are so Rich and Some so Poor. New York: W.W. Norton. Lane, Frederic C. (1987) “Recent Studies in the Economic History of Venice,” in E.G.Kohl and K.C.Mueller, eds., Studies in Venetian Social and Economic History. London: Variorum Reprints. Lawford, James P. (1978) Britain’s Army in India: From Its Origins to the Conquest of Bengal. London: George Allen and Unwin. Levy, Jack S. (1997) “Too Important to Leave to the Other: History and Political Science in the Study of International Relations.” International Security 22: 22–33. ——and Salvatore Ali (1998) “From Commercial Competition to Strategic Rivalry to War: The Evolution of the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry, 1609–52,” in Paul F.Diehl, ed., The Dynamics of Enduring Rivalries. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ——(1999) “Economic Competition, Domestic Politics, and Systemic Change,” in William R.Thompson, ed., Great Power Rivalries. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Lewis, Archibald R. (1988) Nomads and Crusaders, AD 1000–1368. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Lloyd, T.O. (1984) The British Empire, 1558–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lodge, Richard (1935/1971) “The Treaties of 1703,” in Edgar Prestage, ed., Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood. Long, Robert E. (1990) Japan and the U.S. New York: H.W.Wilson. Lyall, Alfred C. (1910) The Rise and Expansion of the British Dominion in India, 5th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Mackinder, Halford (1962) Democratic Ideals and Reality. New York: Norton. Mahan, Alfred T. (1890) The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783. Boston: Little, Brown. Mann, Michael (1986) The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1988) “European Development: Approaching a Historical Explanation,” in J.Baechler, J.A.Hall, and M.Mann, eds., Europe and the Rise of Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell. Martel, Gordon (1991) “The Meaning of Power: Rethinking the Decline and Fall of Great Britain.” International History Review 13: 662–94. Maslowski, Peter (1994) “To the Edge of Greatness: The United States, 1783–1865,” in Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein, eds., The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mayr, E. (1991) One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press. REFERENCES 241 McAlister, Lyle N. (1984) Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones (1978) Atlas of World Population History. New York: Facts on File. McKercher, B.J.C. (1991) ‘“Our Most Dangerous Enemy’: Great Britain Pre-eminent in the 1930s.” International History Review 13: 751–83. McNeill, William H. (1963) The Rise of the West. Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press. ——(1976) Plagues and Peoples. New York: Doubleday. ——(1982) The Pursuit of Power. Chicago, Il.: University of Chicago Press. ——(1992) The Global Condition: Conquerors, Catastrophes and Community. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Meinig, D.W. (1986) The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History: Atlantic America, 1492–1800, Vol. 1. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Mensch, Gerhard (1979) Stalemate in Technology: Innovations Overcome the Depression. Cambridge, Ma.: Ballinger. Midlarsky, Manus (1988) The Onset of World War. Boston: Unwin Hyman. Mitchell, Brian R. (1980) European Historical Statistics, 1750–1975. New York: Facts on File. ——(1993) International Historical Statistics: The Americas, 1750–1988. New York: Stockton Press. Modelski, George (1979) “International Content and Performance Among the World’s Largest Corporations,” in George Modelski, ed., Transnational Corporations and World Order: Readings in International Political Economy. San Francisco, Ca.: W.H.Freeman. ——(1987) Long Cycles in World Politics. London: Macmillan. ——(1990) “Is World Politics Evolutionary Learning?” International Organization 44: 1–24. ——(1996) “Evolutionary Paradigm for Global Politics.” International Studies Quarterly 40: 621–42. ——(1999) “Enduring Rivalry in the Democratic Lineage: The Venice-Portugal Case,” in William R.Thompson, ed., Great Power Rivalries. Columbia, University of South Carolina Press. ——and Sylvia Modelski (1988) Documenting Global Leadership. London: Macmillan. Modelski, G. and W.R.Thompson (1988) Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993. London: Macmillan. ——(1996) Leading Sectors and World Powers: The Coevolution of Global Politics and World Economics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Moon, Penderel (1989) The British Conquest and Dominion of India. London: Duckworth. Morillo, Stephen (1995) “Guns and Government: A Comparative Study of Europe and Japan.” Journal of World History 6: 75–106. Murra, John V. (1986) “The Expansion of the Inka State: Armies, War and Rebellions,” John V.Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel, eds., Anthropological History of the Andean Polities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Neilson, Keith (1991) ‘“Greatly Exaggerated’: The Myth of the Decline of Great Britain before 1914.” International History Review 13: 695–725. Nelson, R.R. (1994) “The Coevolution of Technologies and Institutions,” in R.England, ed., Evolutionary Concepts in Contemporary Economics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ——and S.Winter (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press. Nicholas, David (1992) Medieval Flanders. London: Longman. REFERENCES 242 Norgaard, R.B. (1994) “The Coevolution of Economics and Environmental Systems and the Emergence of Unsustainability,” in R.England, ed., Evolutionary Concepts in Contemporary Economics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. North, Douglas C. and Robert P.Thomas (1973) The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Orde, Anne (1996) The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and the British Imperial Decline, 1895–1956. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Organski, A.F.K. (1958/1968) World Politics. New York: Alfred Knopf. ——and Jacek Kugler (1980) The War Ledger. Chicago, Il.: University of Chicago Press. Padden, R.C. (1967) The Hummingbird and the Hawk: Conquest and Sovereignty in the Valley of Mexico, 1503–1541. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Palin, R. (1992) “The European Miracle of Capital Accumulation,” in J.M.Blaut, ed., The Debate on Colonialism, Eurocentrism, and History . Trenton, NJ: African World Press. Parker, Geoffrey (1988/1996) The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1995) “In Defense of the Military Revolution,” in Clifford J.Rogers, ed., The Military Revolution Debate: Readings in the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. Boulder, Co.: Westview. Parry, John H. (1966) The Establishment of the European Hegemony, 1415–1715, rev. 3rd ed. New York: Harper and Row. ——(1971) Trade and Dominion: The European Overseas Empires in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Praeger. Pearson, M.N. (1976) Merchants and Rulers in Gujerat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. ——(1987) The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1987) “India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century,” in Ashin Das Gupta and M.N.Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800. Calcutta: Oxford University Press. ——(1991) “Merchants and States,” in James D.Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Perkins, Bradford (1968) The Great Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1895–1914. New York: Atheneum. Pollins, B. (1993) “Global Capital: Two Financial Booms Compared.” Unpublished paper, Mershon Center, Ohio State University. Powelson, John P. (1994) Centuries of Economic Endeavor. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Prestage, Edgar (1935/1971) “The Treaties of 1642, 1654 and 1661,” in Edgar Prestage, ed., Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood. Rapkin, David P. (1990) “Japan and World Leadership?,” in David P.Rapkin, ed., WorldLeadership and Hegemony. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner. Rasler, K.A. and W.R.Thompson (1989) War and State Making: The Shaping of the Global Powers. Boston: Unwin Hyman/London: Routledge. ——(1991) “Technological Innovation, Capability Positional Shifts and Systemic War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35: 273–294. ——(1994) The Great Powers and Global Struggle, 1490–1990. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. REFERENCES 243 Reid, Anthony (1993) Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, Vol. 2: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Reuveny, Raphael and William R.Thompson (1997) “War, Systemic Leadership and Economic Growth: The United States Case.” Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Peace Science Society (International), Indianapolis, Indiana, November. Richards, John F. (1993) The New Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ricklefs, M.C. (1993) A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Rock, Stephen (1989) Why Peace Breaks Out: Great Power Rapprochement in Historical Perspective. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Rogers, Clifford J. (1995) The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe. Boulder: Westview Press. Rosecrance, Richard N. (1986) The Rise of the Trading State. New York: Basic Books. Rosenberg, Nathan and L.E.Birdzell, Jr. (1986) How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. New York: Basic Books. Rostow, Walt W. (1978) The World Economy: History and Prospects. Austin: University of Texas Press. Russett, Bruce (1963) Community and Contention: Britain and America in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press. Samuels, W.J., A.A.Schmidt, and J.D.Shaffer (1994) “An Evolutionary Approach to Law and Economics,” in R.England, ed., Evolutionary Concepts in Contemporary Economics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Sanderson, Stephen K. (1994) “Expanding World Commercialization: The Link Between World-Systems and Civilizations.” Comparative Civilizations Review 30:91–103. Scammell, G.V. (1981) The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires, c. 800– 1650. Berkeley: University of California Press. Schneider, Jane (1977) “Was There a Precapitalist World-System?” Peasant Studies 6:20–29. Schroeder, Paul W. (1997) “History and International Relations Theory: Not Use or Abuse, but Fit or Misfit.” International Security 22:64–74. Schumpeter, Joseph (1939) Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, 2 vols. New York: McGraw Hill. Schweinitz, Karl de (1983) The Rise and Fall of British India: Imperialism as Inequality. New York: Methuen. Sen, Gautam (1984) The Military Origins of Industrialization and International Trade Rivalry. London: Frances Pinter. Small, Melvin (1980) Was War Necessary?: National Security and U.S. Entry into War. Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage. Snooks, G.D. (1993a) Economics Without Time: A Science Blind to the Forces of Historical Change. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ——(1993b) “The Lost Dimension: Limitations of a Timeless Economics,” in G.D.Snooks, ed., Historical Analysis in Economics. London: Routledge. ——(1996) The Dynamic Society: Exploring the Sources of Global Change. New York: Routledge. Steele, Ian K. (1994) Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. Steensgaard, Niels (1990) “The Growth and Composition of the Long-Distance Trade of England and the Dutch Republic Before 1750,” in James D.Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750. Cambridge: REFERENCES 244 Cambridge University Press. Stopford, John M. and Susan Strange with John S.Henley (1991) Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1993) The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History. London: Longman. Swanson, Bruce (1982) Eighth Voyage of the Dragon: A History of China’s Quest for Seapower. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. Taagepera, Rein (1997) “Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia.” International Studies Quarterly 41: 475–504. Tapie, Victor -L. (1984) France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, translated and edited by D.McN.Lockie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thomaz, Luis F.F.R. (1993) “The Malay Sultanate of Melaka,” in Anthony Reid, ed., Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Thompson, William R. (1983) “Interstate Wars, Global Wars, and the Cool Hand Luke Syndrome: A Reply to Chase-Dunn and Sokolovsky.” International Studies Quarterly 27: 369–74. ——(1988) On Global War: Historical-Structural Perspectives on World Politics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ——(1990) “Long Waves, Technological Innovation, and Relative Decline.” International Organization 35: 201–233. ——(1992) “Long Cycles and the Geohistorical Context of Structural Transitions.” World Politics 43: 195–223. ——(1995) “Principal Rivalries.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:195–223. ——(1997/1998) “The Anglo-German Rivalry and the 1939 Failure-of-Deterrence.” Security Studies 7: 58–97. ——(1999) “The Evolution of a Great Power Rivalry: The Anglo-American Case,” in William R.Thompson, ed., Great Power Rivalries. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ——and Karen Rasler (1999) “War, The Military Revolution(s) Controversy, and Army Expansion: A Test of Two Explanations of Historical Influences on European State Making.” Comparative Political Studies 32: 3–31. Thompson, William R. and Gary Zuk (1986) “World Power and the Strategic Trap of Territorial Commitments.” International Studies Quarterly 30: 249–67. Thurow, Lester (1992) Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle Among Japan, Europe, and America. New York: Warner Books. Tilly, Charles (1990) Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1990. Cambridge, Ma: Blackwell. Totman, Conrad (1993) Early Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wachtel, Nathan (1980) “The Indian and the Spanish Conquest,” in Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol. 1: Colonial Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1978) “The Canton Trade and the Opium War,” in John K.Fairbank, ed., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Waldron, Arthur (1994) “Chinese Strategy from the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries,” in Williamson Murray, McGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein, eds., The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States and War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wallerstein, Immanuel (1984) The Politics of the World-Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. REFERENCES 245 ——(1989) The Modern World-System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730–1840s. Sand Diego: Academic Press. ——(1991) “Japan and the Future Trajectory of the World-System: Lessons From History,” in Immanuel Wallerstein, ed., Geopolitics and Geoculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——(1993) “World System Versus World-Systems: A Critique,” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K.Gills, eds., The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand. London: Routledge. Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979) Theory of International Politics. Reading, Ma.: Addison-Wesley. Weber, Max (1958) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribners’. Wernham, R.B. (1966) Before the Armada: The Emergence of the English Nation, 1485–1588, 1588–1595. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wheeler, Douglas L. and Rene Pelissier (1971) Angola. New York: Praeger. Wilkinson, David (1993a) “Civilizations, Cores, World Economies, and Oikemenes,” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K.Gills, eds., The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand. London: Routledge. ——(1993b) “Cities, Civilizations and Oikumenes: II.” Comparative Civilizations Review 28: 41–73. Williams, C.H. (1935/1971) “The Expedition of John of Gaunt to the Peninsula,” in Edgar Prestage, ed., Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood. Williams, J., M.D.McGinnis, and J.C.Thomas (1994) “Breaking the War-Economy Link,” International Interactions 20: 169–88. Wilson, Charles H. (1957) Profit and Power: A Study of England and the Dutch Wars. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ——(1970) Queen Elizabeth and the Revolt of the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wolpert, Stanley (1997) A New History of India, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Wright, Leitch, Jr. (1975) Britain and the American Frontier, 1783–1815. Athens: University of Georgia Press. Yakovets, Yuri V. (1994) “Scientific and Technical Cycles: Analysis and Forecasting of Technological Cycles and Upheavals,” in Ove Granstand, ed., Economics ofTechnology. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 246 Abu-Lughod, Janet L., 44, 113, 223n, 224n Aceh, 88 Active zone, 146 Adams, Richard E., 226n Adams, Robert McC, 45, 72 Aden, 84, 113 Adshead, S.A.M., 56, 63, 223n, 224n Aurangzeb, 90, 92 Agenda setting (phase), 8 Aleppo, 120 Alexander, 230n Alexandria, 113 Ali, Salvatore, 227n Ali, Mohammed, 230n Allen, P.M., 29, 223n Alternative network challenging strategy, 15, 151 Amalfi, 52 Amboina massacre, 120 American Civil War, 163, 194, 197 American Revolutionary War, 131, 190, 214 American silver and incorporation, 43, 53 Amin, Samir, 223n Amsterdam, 115, 117, 212 Anglo-American rivalry, 4, Anglophobia role 193; Canada role 194, 232n;conflict escalation 192–195; economic interdependence 197, 199, 232n; historical-structural analysis 188; liberal perspective 188; root 190; similarity 199–200; termination 196, 232n; trial and error element 200–202 Anglo-Dutch Wars, 123, 124, 132, 144, 218 Antistructuralist interpretation, 161; capability- influence gap 171; economic determinism 169 Antwerp, 114, 115, 212 Appeasement cycle (in China), 224n Arrighi, Giovanni, 229n Austro-Russian rivalry, 181 Ayyubids, 51 Aztecs, 53; expansion timing 94; intimidation strategies 88 Bagwell, Philip S., 197 Balance of power politics, 70 Bandar Abbas, 116, 120 Bantam, 120 Barfield, Thomas J., 58, 59, 227n Bartlett, C.J., 189, 231n Bastid, Marianne, 226n Batavia, 89, 116, 128, 129, 133 Bayly, C.A., 128 Begley, Sharon, 76 Beirut, 113 Bense, Johan E, 213, 232n Bentley, Jerry H., 52 Bergere, Marie-Claire, 226n Bergesen, Albert, 223n Berlin Decree, 132 Berlin Wall, 39 Bismarck, Otto von, 163 Black, Jeremy, 70, 131, 225n, 228n Black Death, 51 Black Sea Route, 51 Blaut, J.M., 43, 66 Blockmans, Wim P., 49, 68 Boserup thesis, 224n Boswell, Terry, 227n Bouchon, Genevieve, 67 Boulding, K.E., 223n Bourne, Kenneth, 193, 200 Bousquet, Nicole, 228n Bowman, Karlyn H., 104 Boxer, Charles R., 110, 227n Brady, Thomas A., Jr., 67 Braudel, Fernand, 230n Brawley, Mark R., 230n Breakpoints, 39 Britain, American stab-in-the-back thesis 186; base network 133; containment strategies 178; dual monarchy 185; Dutch coalition 18; Dutch leadership transition 14; Dutch resource transfers 213; Eden Treaty 132; empire 183–185; on European periphery 69; French commercial rivalry 131–132; French Revolution 132; French rivalry pattern 131; INDEX INDEX 247 German challenge 105–106; German rivalry 144, 181; global power 15; India Army 168, 175, 176; industrial revolution 23, 39, 56, 76; innovation leadership 7; lead economy 40; North American production 10; principal rivals 190; Royal Navy 168, 175; Russian rivalry 18, 177, 178, 185; South Asian expansion 90–92, 128; Spanish conflict and slave trade 131; as system leader 4; US commercial rivalry 186; US special relationship 189; world power 15; World War II and decline 183 Brueggemann, J., 227n Buxar, 91 Cady, John E, 85, 225n, 226n Cairo, 65, 113 Cajamarca, 87, 88, 226n Calcutta, 129 Calicut, 85, 113 Cameron, Ian, 226n Campbell, Charles S., 193, 197, 199 Canning, Stratford, 193 Cape of Good Hope, 133 Capetown, 116 Capture-the-center challenging strategy, 15, 149– 151 Caribes, 53 Carrera da India, 212 Carter, Alice C, 213 Carving-out-a-subsystem challenging strategy, 15, 151 Castlereagh, Robert, 193 Catalyst and policy inertia, 231n Cauhtemoc, 86 Central place cities, 47 Ceuta, 110 Ceylon, 111, 117, 133 Challenge process, evolutionary dimension 142, 149; intensity 144–145; psychological distance 146; premeditation 143; selection process 15; shifts in firm types 151–153 Champagne Fairs, 137 Champa rice, 56 Charlemagne, 63 Charles the Bald, 63 Chase-Dunn, Christopher, 44, 223n, 230n Chaudhuri, K.N., 47, 112, 113 Chesneaux, Jean, 226n Ch’ing China expansion timing, 94 China, Abbassid trade 50–51, 56; centrality in world economy 43; conquest strategy 45; evolutionary pattern 55–61; isolation 44; Persian trade 50, 56; as potential challenger 20 Chrysler, 152 Cholas, 66 Cipolla, Carlo M., 80 Clark, George N., 127, 223n Coalition building (phase), 8 Cochin, 113 Cockayne Project, 122 Coen, Jan Pieterzoon, 116 Coercive capitalism, 44 Coevolutionary perspective, 30–34 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 126, 127 Cold War, 20, 39 Cole, Charles W., 127 Columbus, Christopher, 41 Compagnie des Indies, 129 Constant, E.W., 209 Constitutional fitness, 228n Continental System, 15, 132, 151 Conybeare, John A.C., 122 Co-prosperity Sphere, 15 Cortes, Hernando, 85, 86; change in strategies 86– 89; introduction of smallpox to Mexico 86 Counterweights, 18 Crawford, Martin, 200 Crimean War, 169, 177 Cromwell, Oliver, 217 Crone, Patricia, 61, 62, 223n Crusader enclaves, 65 Crusades, 51, 52, 61 Curtin, Philip D., 46, 47, 48, 52, 111, 112, 113 D’Lugo, David, 228n Da Gama, Vasco, 41 Das Gupta, Arun, 66 David, P.A., 26, 223n Davies, Nigel, 226n Decision making, evolutionary approach 189; rational choice approach 188–189 Deconcentration (phase), 8 Dehing, Pit, 213 Dehio, Ludwig, 17, 225n, 230n Delegitimation (phase), 8 Democratic lineage, 202–204 Deterrence, 180 Diamond, Jared, 44 Diffie, Bailey W, 111, 225n Disease susceptibilities, 80 Diu, 212 Divergent evolution, 223n Dobson, Alan E, 195, 196 Doran, Charles E, 230n Dorian movement, 227n Downing, George, 120 Doyle, Michael, 199 Drake, Francis, 119 Dreadnought, 174 Dutch East Indies Co. (VOC), 89, 92–93, 116, 117;Asian strategy 92 Dutch-Spanish Wars (1580–1608), 14 East Asian incorporation timing, 223n Eberhard, Wolfram, 57, 60, 224n INDEX 248 Economic innovation as selection mechanism, 28 Eden Treaty, 132 Ekholm, K., 223n Eldredge, N., 28 Elizabeth I, 115, 119, 216 Elliott, John, 226n Elman, Colin, 163, 229n Elman, Miriam, 163, 229n Elvin, Mark, 49, 57, 224n Emmott, Bill, 229n England, R.W., 223n England, Dutch commercial rivalry 120; Dutch revolt 119; early Portuguese and Dutch relations 216–217; role of France in Anglo- Dutch conflict 124–125; sources of Dutch conflict 121–123; wars with Dutch 124 English (British) East Indies Co., 90, 120, 129, 130; attempted seizure of Chittagong and Dacca 90; relations with Mughal empire 90, 129 Equilibrium trap, 49 Europe, conquest strategy 45; disunity 44; domestic power balance 45; evolutionary pattern 61–63; Ottoman confrontation 77 European Miracle, 36, 39, 42, 45, 54 Evolutionary paradigm, Darwinian approach 22–23; minimalist approach 25; maximalist approach 27 Evolutionary process progressive nature, 172 Execution (phase), 8 Extensive growth, 45 Fairbank, John K., 226n Fashoda, 163 Fatimids, 51 Ferris, John R., 175–176, 179, 183–184, 230n Flanders, 224n Flannery, Kent V, 223n Ford Motor Co., 152 Fort Zeelandia, 117 Fox, E.W., 47 France, coercive expansion 19; Eden Treaty 132; on European periphery 69; French Revolution 132; German rivalry 181; global power 15; Indian handicaps 129–130; Italy 70; oscillating strategic orientations 125–126; as primary challenger 70; regional hegemon aspirant 18; Revolution 132; Spanish rivalry 41, 70 Francis I, 125, 126 Frank, Andre Gunder, 43, 72, 172, 223n, 230n Frederick, Suzanne, 141, 228n Freeman, C., 223n, 228n French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), 14 Friedman, George, 229n Friedman, J., 223n Furber, Holden, 120, 128–130 Gaddis, John Lewis, 229n Galbraith, James K,. 228n Gallagher, John, 140 Gardiner, C.Harvey, 226n, 230n Garten, Jeffrey E., 229n Gelber, Lionel, 202, 232n Genoa, African circumnavigation 51; Byzantine empire 108; as lead economy 14, 40; Mongol control of central Eurasia 108; pepper 9; as prototypical system leader 16; Venetian- Mamluk monopoly 108–109; Venetian rivalry 147; Venetian wars 144 George, Alexander L., 229n Germany, coercive expansion 19; global power 15; as primary challenger 70; regional hegemony aspirant 18 German-Russian rivalry, 181 Gernet, Jacques, 56, 224n Ghengis Khan, 227 Gibbs, H.A.R., 218 Gills, Barry, 43, 46, 48, 72, 223n, 229n Gilpin, Robert, 140, 227n, 228n, 229n, 230n Glete, Jan, 230n Global power qualifications, 15 Global processes, 3 Global war, 181, 229n; concentration 13; control of western Europe 70; global-regional fusion 13, 17–21; K-waves 10; as selection mechanism 28 Global war (phase), 8 Goa, 81, 83, 84, 113, 116 Goldstein, Joshua, 224n, 230n Gooch, John, 195 Gould, S.J., 28 Granger causality, 230n Gray, Colin S., 155, 230n Gulf War, 17 Guilmartin, John E., Jr., 225n, 226n Gujeratis, 66 Gunpowder empires, 65 Haber, Stephen H., 163, 229n Habsburgs, regional hegemon aspirant, 18 Haley, K.H.D., 232n Hall, D.G.E., 92, 226n Hall, John A., 42 Hall, Peter, 210, 228n Hall, Thomas, 44, 223n, 225n Han China-Roman trade, 50, 52, 56 Hanseatic city states, 67 Harappan decline, 227n Hassig, Ross, 226n Hawkins, John, 119 Headrick, Daniel R., 80 Heathcote, T.A., 226n Heckscher, Eli F, 132, 228n Hemming, John, 226n Henry the Navigator, 111 Hess, Andrew C., 225n INDEX 249 Historian-political scientist distinction, 163–165 Hitler, Adolf, 177 Hodges, Richard, 51 Hodgson, G.M., 223n Hodgson, Marshall G.S., 48, 49., 65 Hohenberg, Paul M., 47 Hopkins, Keith, 226n Hormuz, 113, 116, 120 Hugill, Peter J., 228n Hundred Years War, 216, 225n Ibn Khaldun model, 227n Incas, 53, 76; expansion timing 94; intimidation strategies 88 Incorporation, 226n Information technology, 210–211 Ingram, Edward, 171, 175, 179–185, 228n, 230n, 231n Intensive growth, 45 Ionian Islands, 133 Israel, Jonathan I., 126, 128, 232n Italian and Indian Ocean Wars (1494–1516), 14 James I, 119 Japan, domestic power balance 45; global power 15; potential lead economy 24 Johor, 88 Jones, E.L., 42, 45,62, 224n Jones, James R., 122, 126, 131 Jones, Richard, 61 Jones, Susan M., 226n Juma, C., 223n Karamis, 66–67 Kathirithamby-Wells, Jeyamaler, 66 Katzenstein, Peter J., 229n Kelly, D.S., 232n Kennedy, David M., 163, 229 Kennedy, Paul, 169, 170, 228n, 230n; theory of structural change 70 Kipling, Rudyard, 195 Knecht, R.T., 125 Kondratieff waves, 5–7; long cycle phases 10, 12–13; naval leadership 16; transitions 24 Krasner, Stephen D., 163, 229n Kugler, Jacek, 230n, 231n Kuhn, Philip A., 226n Ladd, Everett C., 104 Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 63 Land/sea power dualism, 63, 70, 72 Lane, Frederic, 81 Lawford, James P., 226n Lead economies, 135–136, 228n Leadership long cycle, democratic peace 21; K- wave coevolution 8–9; perspective 5–7, 160; phases 7–8 Leadership transition process, 14–15 Leading sectors, 9–10, 48, 69, 135, 228n, 23 1n–232n Lebard, Meredith, 229n Lees, Lynn H., 47 Lemke, Douglas, 231n Lend Lease, 217 Levy, JackS., 163, 165, 227n, 229n Lewis, Archibald R., 51, 56, 223n Lisbon, 216 Lloyd, T.O., 123 Local allies, 79 Lodge, Richard, 218 Lombard, Denys, 67 Long, Robert E., 104, 105 Long distance trade effects, 45–50 Louis XIV, 18, 125, 126, 146, 177 Lyall, Alfred C., 226n Macao, 113, 116, 117, 225 Mackinder, Halford, 228n Macrodecision (phase), 8 Mahan, Alfred T., 121 Malacca, 66, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 113, 116 Malta, 133 Mamlukes and spice trade, 9 Manila Bay, 200 Mann, Michael, 42 Marcus, Joyce, 223n Martel, Gordon, 171, 173, 175, 177–179, 183, 184, 230n Marx, Karl, 69 Maslowski, Peter, 192, 193, 231n Mauritius, 129, 133 Mayr, E., 27 Mazda, 152 McAlister, Lyle N., 225n McEvedy, Colin, 61 McGinnis, Michael, 222n McKercher, B.J.C., 167, 173, 179, 183, 230n McNeill, William H., 46, 49, 52, 79, 172, 223n, 224n Meiji restoration, 96 Meinig, D.W., 214 Mensch, Gerhard, 228n Methuen Treaties, 217 Miao rebellion, 94 Midlarsky, Manus, 230n Milan Decree, 132 Military revolutions, European, 75, 225n Military superiority thesis, 75–77, 96–98 Ming Chinese treasure fleet voyages, 57–58, 224n Mingay, G.E., 197 Misra, J., 227n Mitsubishi, 152 MittelEuropa, 15 Modelski, George, 7, 23, 28, 40, 107, 155, 172, 189, 202–203, 208, 212, 222n–224n, 227n–231n INDEX 250 Mohammed, 67 Mohenjo-Daro, 50 Mombasa, 113 Mongols, conquests 60, 65, 66; conquest strategy 227n Monk, George, 121 Monopolies, 139–140 Monroe Doctrine, 151, 217 Moon, Penderel, 226n Morillo, Stephen, 225n Moteuczomah Xocoyotyl, 86 Mughal empire, expansion timing 94; indifference to European encroachment 84; Mahratta rivalry 90; relations with merchants 67 Murra, John V., 226n Nagasaki, 113 Napoleon (Bonaparte), 125, 132, 161, 168, 177 Napoleonic Wars, 89, 91, 133, 175 Natural selection, 28 Navigation Acts, 1651 123, 124; 1660 124 Navy superiority, 79 Neilson, Keith, 167, 173, 178–180, 230n Nelson, R.R., 223n Netherlands, Antwerp decline 114–115; Asian strategy 88–89; base network 116; Brazil and North America 10; commercial network vulnerability 122–123; commitment to wrong commodities 128; English challenge 147; Eurasian trade strategies 115–116; on European periphery 69; French challenge 106, 126–128; global power 15; Indonesian intervention 89; innovation leadership 7; lead economy 40; pepper 9; Portuguese resource transfers 212–213; silver/silk dilemma 117; territorial expansion 117–118; Venetian network strategy 89; VOC 116; world power 15 Network cities, 47 New World Order, 39 Nicholas, David, 224n Nomadic-sedentary cycle, 58–59, 70 Norgaard, R.B., 223n North, Douglas C., 42, 224n North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 217 Northwest European Culture Hearth, 214 Okawara, Nobuo
