• Inside front cover
• Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Fifth edition
• Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis Company
• Preface
• To the Instructor
• To the Student
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• CHAPTER 1: Organization and General Plan of the Body
• LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS
• TERMINOLOGY AND GENERAL PLAN OF THE BODY
• CHAPTER 2: Some Basic Chemistry
• ELEMENTS
• ATOMS
• CHEMICAL BONDS
• CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF IMPORTANCE
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF IMPORTANCE
• CHAPTER 3: Cells
• CELL STRUCTURE
• CELLULAR TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
• THE GENETIC CODE AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• CELL DIVISION
• AGING AND CELLS
• CHAPTER 4: Tissues and Membranes
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• MUSCLE TISSUE
• NERVE TISSUE
• MEMBRANES
• AGING AND TISSUES
• CHAPTER 5: The Integumentary System
• THE SKIN
• SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
• AGING AND THEINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 6: The Skeletal System
• FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
• TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
• CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
• EMBRYONIC GROWTH OF BONE
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT BONE GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE
• THE SKELETON
• JOINTS—ARTICULATIONS
• AGING AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 7: The Muscular System
• MUSCLE STRUCTURE
• MUSCLE TONE
• MUSCLE SENSE
• ENERGY SOURCES FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• MUSCLE FIBER—MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
• CONTRACTION—THE SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM
• RESPONSES TO EXERCISE—MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS
• AGING AND THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE BODY
• CHAPTER 8: The Nervous System
• NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVISIONS
• NERVE TISSUE
• TYPES OF NEURONS
• NERVES AND NERVE TRACTS
• THE NERVE IMPULSE
• THE SPINAL CORD
• THE BRAIN
• MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
• CRANIAL NERVES
• THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• AGING AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 9: The Senses
• SENSORY PATHWAY
• CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATIONS
• CUTANEOUS SENSES
• MUSCLE SENSE
• SENSE OF TASTE
• SENSE OF SMELL
• HUNGER AND THIRST
• THE EYE
• THE EAR
• ARTERIAL RECEPTORS
• AGING AND THE SENSES
• CHAPTER 10: The Endocrine System
• CHEMISTRY OF HORMONES
• REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION
• THE PITUITARY GLAND
• THYROID GLAND
• PARATHYROID GLANDS
• PANCREAS
• ADRENAL GLANDS
• OVARIES
• TESTES
• OTHER HORMONES
• MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
• AGING AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 11: Blood
• CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
• PLASMA
• BLOOD CELLS
• CHAPTER 12: The Heart
• LOCATION AND PERICARDIAL MEMBRANES
• CHAMBERS—VESSELS AND VALVES
• CORONARY VESSELS
• CARDIAC CYCLE AND HEART SOUNDS
• CARDIAC CONDUCTION PATHWAY
• HEART RATE
• CARDIAC OUTPUT
• REGULATION OF HEART RATE
• AGING AND THE HEART
• CHAPTER 13: The Vascular System
• ARTERIES
• VEINS
• CAPILLARIES
• PATHWAYS OF CIRCULATION
• VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW
• BLOOD PRESSURE
• REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
• AGING AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
• LYMPH
• LYMPH VESSELS
• LYMPHATIC TISSUE
• IMMUNITY
• AGING AND THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 15: The Respiratory System
• DIVISIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• MECHANISM OF BREATHING
• PULMONARY VOLUMES
• EXCHANGE OF GASES
• TRANSPORT OF GASES IN THE BLOOD
• REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
• RESPIRATION AND ACID–BASE BALANCE
• AGING AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 16: The Digestive System
• DIVISIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• TYPES OF DIGESTION
• ORAL CAVITY
• PHARYNX
• ESOPHAGUS
• STRUCTURAL LAYERS OF THE ALIMENTARY TUBE
• STOMACH
• SMALL INTESTINE
• LIVER
• GALLBLADDER
• PANCREAS
• COMPLETION OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
• LARGE INTESTINE
• OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
• AGING AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 17: Body Temperature and Metabolism
• BODY TEMPERATURE
• METABOLISM
• AGING AND METABOLISM
• CHAPTER 18: The Urinary System
• KIDNEYS
• FORMATION OF URINE
• THE KIDNEYS AND ACID–BASE BALANCE
• OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
• ELIMINATION OF URINE
• CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE
• AGING AND THE URINARY SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 19: Fluid–Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance
• WATER COMPARTMENTS
• WATER INTAKE AND OUTPUT
• ELECTROLYTES
• ACID–BASE BALANCE
• AGING AND FLUID AND pH REGULATION
• CHAPTER 20: The Reproductive Systems
• MEIOSIS
• MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• AGING AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
• CHAPTER 21: Human Development and Genetics
• HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• GENETICS
• CHAPTER 22: An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease
• CLASSIFICATION OFMICROORGANISMS
• NORMAL FLORA
• INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• METHODS OF CONTROL OF MICROBES
• THE PATHOGENS
• Appendix A: Units of Measure
• Appendix B: Abbreviations
• Appendix C: Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Blood Tests
• Appendix D: Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Urine Tests
• Appendix E: Eponymous Terms
• Appendix F: Prefixes, Combining Word Roots, and Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology
• Appendix G: Answers to Illustration Questions
• Glossary
• Index
Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
1-1 Replacing Tissues and Organs, 61-2 Visualizing the Interior of the Body, 182-1 Blood Gases, 302-2 Nitric Oxide, 312-3 Lipids in the Blood, 362-4 A Protein Mystery: Prions, 393-1 Terminology of Solutions, 533-2 Genetic Disease – Sickle-Cell Anemia, 593-3 Abnormal Cellular Functioning – Cancer, 614-1 Cystic Fibrosis, 744-2 Vitamin C and Collagen, 784-3 Cosmetic Collagen, 785-1 Burns, 92–935-2 Preventing Skin Cancer: Common Sense and Sunscreens, 945-3 Common Skin Disorders, 975-4 Administering Medications, 1006-1 Fractures and Their Repair, 1116-2 Osteoporosis, 1136-3 Herniated Disc, 1216-4 Abnormalities of the Curves of the Spine, 1226-5 Arthritis, 1307-1 Anabolic Steroids, 1417-2 Tetanus and Botulism, 1467-3 Muscular Dystrophy, 1487-4 Myasthenia Gravis, 1487-5 Common Injection Sites, 1498-1 Multiple Sclerosis, 1688-2 Shingles, 1748-3 Spinal Cord Injuries, 1768-4 Cerebrovascular Accidents, 1818-5 Aphasia, 1828-6 Alzheimer’s Disease, 1838-7 Parkinson’s Disease, 1848-8 Lumbar Puncture, 1879-1 Cataracts, 2059-2 Glaucoma, 2079-3 Errors of Refraction, 2089-4 Night Blindness and Color Blindness, 2099-5 Deafness, 2149-6 Motion Sickness, 21610-1 Disorders of Growth Hormone, 23010-2 Disorders of Thyroxine, 23510-3 Diabetes Mellitus, 23810-4 Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex, 24211-1 Anemia, 25711-2 Jaundice, 25911-3 Rh Disease of the Newborn, 26111-4 Leukemia, 26311-5 White Blood Cell Types: HLA, 26411-6 Hemophilia, 26611-7Dissolving Clots, 26812-1 Coronary Artery Disease, 280Clinical applications of the book’s anatomical and physiological information are setapart from the text in boxed inserts and often deal with aspects of pathophysiology. Alist of these boxes is presented here for your convenience.List of Boxes(List of boxes continued on inside back cover)00Scanlon(p3) Cover 8/17/06 10:39 AM Page 2Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page iCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page iiCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
Valerie C. Scanlon, PhDCollege of Mount Saint VincentRiverdale, New YorkTina SandersMedical IllustratorCastle Creek, New YorkFormerlyHead Graphic ArtistTompkins Cortland Community CollegeDryden, New York00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page iiiCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
F. A. Davis Company1915 Arch StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19103www.fadavis.comCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis CompanyCopyright © 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved.This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho-tocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaLast digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Nursing Editor: Lisa B. DeitchDevelopmental Editor: Alan SorkowitzProject Editor: Ilysa H. RichmanCover Designer: Carolyn O’BrienAs new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, rec-ommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes. The author(s) and publisherhave done everything possible to make this book accurate, up to date, and in accord withaccepted standards at the time of publication. The author(s), editors, and publisher are notresponsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, andmake no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book. Any prac-tice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professionalstandards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situ-ation. The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) forchanges and new information regarding dose and contraindications before administeringany drug. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataScanlon, Valerie C.,Essentials of anatomy and physiology/Valerie C. Scanlon, TinaSanders. — 5th ed.p. ; cm.Includes index.ISBN–13: 978-0-8036-1546-5 ISBN–10: 0-8036-1546-91. Human anatomy. 2. Human physiology. I. Sanders, Tina,1943-. II. Title. III. Title: Anatomy and physiology.[DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiology. QS 4 S283e 2006]QP34.5.S288 2006612—dc22 2006015120Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personaluse of specific clients, is granted by F. A. Davis Company for users registered with theCopyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that thefee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separatesystem of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the TransactionalReporting Service is: 8036-1546/07 0 ⫹ $.10.00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 8:43 PM Page ivCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
vPrefaceAfifth edition of Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology is very gratifying, and again wehave the pleasure of thanking all of our colleagues in teaching who continue to use ourtextbook and of welcoming new teachers and students.Changes have been made in the content of the book to keep the material as currentas possible. Most of these are small changes, such as a new cell organelle, the protea-some, in Chapter 3; a clarification of blood cell production in Chapters 4, 11, and 14;and the addition of concentric and eccentric contractions to Chapter 7. The mostextensive revision is in Chapter 14: The section on immunity has been rewritten usingthe categories of innate and adaptive immunity.New illustrations in this edition include positive and negative feedback mecha-nisms in Chapter 1, cellular transport mechanisms in Chapter 3, hormones that affectblood pressure in Chapter 13, innate immunity in Chapter 14, and synthesis uses offoods in Chapter 17. Illustrations that have been revised include protein structure,active site theory, and DNA and RNA structure in Chapter 2, blood cells in Chapter11, and adaptive immunity in Chapter 14.Also new to this edition are illustration questions. Each figure legend is followedby a question for the student; the answers are in Appendix G.As always, your comments and suggestions will be most welcome, and they may besent to us in care of the publisher: F. A. Davis Company, 1915 Arch Street,Philadelphia, PA 19103.Valerie C. ScanlonDobbs Ferry, New YorkTina SandersCastle Creek, New York00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page vCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
viTo the InstructorAs the science and arts of medicine and health care become increasingly complex,so too does the education of those who pursue careers in nursing and other health-related fields. Human anatomy and physiology is often a first course in many educa-tion programs, and is the basis for so many of the more specialized courses. Teachersof introductory anatomy and physiology thus take on a special challenge: We mustdistill and express the complexities of human structure and function in a simple way,without losing the essence and meaning of the material. That is the goal of this text-book: to make this material readily accessible to students with diverse backgroundsand varying levels of educational preparation.No prior knowledge of biology or chemistry is assumed, and even the most funda-mental terms are defined thoroughly. Essential aspects of anatomy are presentedclearly and reinforced with excellent illustrations. Essential aspects of physiology arediscussed simply, yet with accuracy and precision. Again, the illustrations complementthe text material and foster comprehension on the part of the student. These illustra-tions were prepared especially for students for whom this is a first course in anatomyand physiology. As you will see, these are images in which detail is readily apparent.All important parts have been labeled, but the student is not overwhelmed withunnecessary labels. Illustrations of physiology lead the student step-by-step.Wherever appropriate, the legends refer students to the text for further description orexplanation. Each illustration also has a question for the student; the illustration ques-tions in a chapter form an ongoing self-test. (The answers are given in Appendix G.)The text has three unifying themes: the relationship between physiology andanatomy, the interrelations among the organ systems, and the relationship of eachorgan system to homeostasis. Although each type of cell, tissue, organ, or organ sys-tem is discussed simply and thoroughly in itself, applicable connections are made toother aspects of the body or to the functioning of the body as a whole. Our goal is toprovide your students with the essentials of anatomy and physiology, and in doing so,to help give them a solid foundation for their future work, and an appreciation for theincredible living organism that is the human body.The sequence of chapters is a very traditional one. Cross-references are used toremind students of what they have learned from previous chapters. Nevertheless, thetextbook is very flexible, and, following the introductory four chapters, the organ sys-tems may be covered in almost any order, depending on the needs of your course.Each chapter is organized from the simple to the more complex, with the anatomyfollowed by the physiology. The Instructor’s Guide presents modifications of the topicsequences that may be used, again depending on the needs of your course. Certainmore advanced topics may be omitted from each chapter without losing the meaningor flow of the rest of the material, and these are indicated, for each chapter, in theInstructor’s Guide.Clinical applications are set apart from the text in boxed inserts. These are oftenaspects of pathophysiology that are related to the normal anatomy or physiology in thetext discussion. Each box presents one particular topic and is referenced at the appro-priate point in the text. This material is intended to be an integral part of the chapter00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page viCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
but is set apart for ease of reference and to enable you to include or omit as many ofthese topics as you wish. The use of these boxes also enables students to read the textmaterial without interruption and then to focus on specific aspects of pathophysiology.A comprehensive list of the boxes appears inside the book’s front and back covers, andanother list at the beginning of each chapter cites the boxes within that chapter.Tables are utilized as summaries of structure and function, to present a sequence ofevents, or additional material that you may choose to include. Each table is referencedin the text and is intended to facilitate your teaching and to help your students learn.New terms appear in bold type within the text, and all such terms are fully definedin an extensive glossary, with phonetic pronunciations. Bold type may also be used foremphasis whenever one of these terms is used again in a later chapter.Each chapter begins with a chapter outline and student objectives to prepare thestudent for the chapter itself. New terminology and related clinical terms are alsolisted, with phonetic pronunciations. Each of these terms is fully defined in the glos-sary, with cross-references back to the chapter in which the term is introduced.At the end of each chapter are a study outline and review questions. The study out-line includes all of the essentials of the chapter in a concise outline form. The reviewquestions may be assigned as homework, or used by the students as a review or self-test. Following each question is a page reference in parentheses. This reference citesthe page(s) in the chapter on which the content needed to answer the question cor-rectly can be found. The answers themselves are included in the Instructor’s Guide.The questions in the sections titled For Further Thought may be used in a variety ofways, and the answers are in the Instructor’s Guide.An important supplementary learning tool for your students is available in the formof a Student Workbook that accompanies this text. For each chapter in the textbook, theworkbook offers fill-in and matching-column questions, figure-labeling and figure-coloring exercises, and crossword puzzles based on the chapter’s vocabulary list. Alsoincluded are two comprehensive, multiple-choice chapter tests to provide a thoroughreview. All answers are provided at the end of the workbook.Ancillary materials for the teacher using this text are all on a CD-ROM: a completeInstructor’s Guide, two computerized test banks, and an Image Ancillary presentationof the text illustrations. The Instructor’s Guide contains notes on each chapter’sorganization and content (useful for modifying the book to your specific teachingneeds), topics for class discussion, answers to the chapter review questions from thetextbook, and detailed answers to the For Further Thought questions. The multiple-choice test bank contains more than 2600 questions that have been organized inrelation to the chapter review questions, and further explanation may be found in theInstructor’s Guide. The fill-in test bank contains more than 2100 questions organizedby textbook chapter. The Image Ancillary presentation contains many of the illustra-tions from the textbook, with suggested points for use in classroom lectures.Suggestions and comments from colleagues are always valuable, and yours wouldbe greatly appreciated. When we took on the task of writing and illustrating this text-book, we wanted to make it the most useful book possible for you and your students.Any suggestions that you can provide to help us achieve that goal are most welcome,and they may be sent to us in care of F. A. Davis Company, 1915 Arch Street,Philadelphia, PA 19103.Valerie C. ScanlonDobbs Ferry, New YorkTina SandersCastle Creek, New YorkTo the Instructor vii00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page viiCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
viiiTo the StudentThis is your textbook for your first course in human anatomy and physiology, a sub-ject that is both fascinating and rewarding. That you are taking such a course sayssomething about you. You may simply be curious as to how the human body functionsor you may have a personal goal of making a contribution in one of the healthcareprofessions. Whatever your reason, this textbook will help you to be successful in youranatomy and physiology course.The material is presented simply and concisely, yet with accuracy and precision.The writing style is informal yet clear and specific; it is intended to promote yourcomprehension and understanding.ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXTBOOKTo use this textbook effectively, you should know the purpose of its various parts. Eachchapter is organized in the following way:Chapter Outline—This presents the main topics in the chapter, which corre-spond to the major headings in the text.Student Objectives—These summarize what you should know after readingand studying the chapter. These are not questions to be answered, but arerather, with the chapter outline, a preview of the chapter contents.New Terminology and Related Clinical Terminology—These are some ofthe new terms you will come across in the chapter. Read through these termsbefore you read the chapter, but do not attempt to memorize them just yet.When you have finished the chapter, return to the list and see how manyterms you can define. Note those you may not be sure of and look them up.All of these terms are fully defined in the glossary.Study Outline—This is found at the end of the chapter. It is a concise summaryof the essentials in the chapter. You may find this outline very useful as a quickreview before an exam.Review Questions—These are also at the end of the chapter. Your instructormay assign some or all of them as homework. If not, the questions may beused as a self-test to evaluate your comprehension of the chapter’s content.The page number(s) in parentheses following each question refers you to thepage(s) in the chapter on which the content needed to answer the questioncorrectly can be found.For Further Thought—The heading tells you what these are for: thinking.Your instructor may use these for class discussion, and, if so, please do notever be afraid to be wrong. Being wrong in the classroom is one of the wayseach and every one of us learns. Contribute, raise your hand and speak upwith your best thoughts, and listen to those of others. Together you will findthe answers.00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page viiiCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
OTHER FEATURES WITHIN EACH CHAPTERIllustrations—These are an essential part of this textbook. Use them. Studythem carefully, and they will be of great help to you as you learn. They areintended to help you develop your own mental picture of the body and itsparts and processes. You may not have thought of mental pictures as beingimportant, but they are, and each new one you create is a major step in learn-ing. Each illustration is referenced in the text, so you will know when to con-sult it. With a little concentration, you will have it in your mind for wheneveryou need it. You will see that each illustration also has a question after the leg-end. These questions provide an ongoing quiz; try to answer each one as youcome to it. (Will it matter if you’re wrong? No, but answering the questionswill help you to learn.) The answers are given in Appendix G, just before theglossary.Boxes—Discussions of clinical applications are in separate boxes in the text sothat you may find and refer to them easily. Your instructor may include all orsome of these as required reading. If you are planning a career in the healthprofessions, these boxes are an introduction to pathophysiology, and you willfind them interesting and helpful.Bold Type—This is used whenever a new term is introduced, or when an oldterm is especially important. The terms in bold type are fully defined in theglossary, which includes phonetic pronunciations.Tables—This format is used to present material in a very concise form. Sometables are summaries of text material and are very useful for a quick review.Other tables present additional material that complements the text material.Glossary—Not within the chapters but at the end, the glossary is the diction-ary of the book. All of the terms in bold type, as well as others, are definedhere. Make use of it, rather than wonder what a word means. The sooner youhave a definition firmly in your mind, the sooner it is truly part of yourknowledge.To make the best use of your study time, a Student Workbook is available that willhelp you to focus your attention on the essentials in each chapter. Also included arecomprehensive chapter tests to help you determine which topics you have learnedthoroughly and which you may have to review. If your instructor has not made theworkbook a required text, you may wish to ask that it be ordered and made availablein your bookstore. You will find it very helpful.SOME FINAL WORDS OF ENCOURAGEMENTYour success in this course depends to a great extent on you. Try to set aside studytime for yourself every day; a little time each day is usually much more productivethan trying to cram at the last minute.Ask questions of yourself as you are studying. What kinds of questions? The sim-plest ones. If you are studying a part of the body such as an organ, ask yourself: Whatis its name? Where is it? What is it made of? What does it do? That is: name, loca-tion, structure, and function. These are the essentials. If you are studying a process,ask yourself: What is happening here? What is its purpose? That is: What is going on?And what good is it? Again, these are the essentials.To the Student ix00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page ixCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
We hope this textbook will contribute to your success. If you have any suggestionsor comments, we would very much like to hear them. After all, this book was writtenfor you, to help you achieve your goals in this course and in your education. Pleasesend your suggestions and comments to us in care of F. A. Davis Company, 1915 ArchStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19103.Valerie C. Scanlon Tina SandersDobbs Ferry, New York Castle Creek, New Yorkx To the Student00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page xCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
xiAcknowledgmentsWriting and illustrating are part of a book, yet never the whole, and we thank theeditors and production staff of the F. A. Davis Company, especially:• Lisa Deitch, Nursing Editor• Alan Sorkowitz, of Alan Sorkowitz Editorial Services, Developmental Editor• Bob Butler, Production Editor• Michael Bailey, Director of Production• Patti Cleary, Editor in Chief, Nursing• Ilysa Richman, Project Editor, Nursing• Lisa Thompson, Project Editor, Production• Lorretta Palagi, Copy Editor• Carolyn O’Brien, for designing the layout and the cover• Neil Kelly, director of sales, and all of the F. A. Davis sales representativesVCSTSTo my students, past and presentVCSTo Brooks, for his encouragementTS00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page xiCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
xiiContentsCHAPTER 1 Organization and General Plan of the Body .1Levels of Organization, 4Metabolism and Homeostasis, 7Terminology and General Plan of the Body, 12CHAPTER 2Some Basic Chemistry .21Elements, 24Atoms, 24Chemical Bonds, 25Chemical Reactions, 28Inorganic Compounds of Importance, 28Organic Compounds of Importance, 33CHAPTER 3Cells 46Cell Structure, 48Cellular Transport Mechanisms, 52The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis, 56Cell Division, 60Aging and Cells, 63CHAPTER 4Tissues and Membranes 67Epithelial Tissue, 70Connective Tissue, 74Muscle Tissue, 79Nerve Tissue, 81Membranes, 82Aging and Tissues, 84CHAPTER 5The Integumentary System 88The Skin, 90Subcutaneous Tissue, 99Aging and the Integumentary System, 101CHAPTER 6The Skeletal System 104Functions of the Skeleton, 106Types of Bone Tissue, 106Classification of Bones, 106Embryonic Growth of Bone, 108Factors That Affect Bone Growth and Maintenance, 108The Skeleton, 11200Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page xiiCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
Joints—Articulations, 128Aging and the Skeletal System, 128CHAPTER 7The Muscular System 135Muscle Structure, 138Muscle Tone, 140Muscle Sense, 141Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction, 141Muscle Fiber—Microscopic Structure, 142Contraction—The Sliding Filament Mechanism, 146Responses to Exercise—Maintaining Homeostasis, 147Aging and the Muscular System, 149Major Muscles of the Body, 149CHAPTER 8The Nervous System 163Nervous System Divisions, 166Nerve Tissue, 166Types of Neurons, 170Nerves and Nerve Tracts, 171The Nerve Impulse, 171The Spinal Cord, 171The Brain, 176Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid, 184Cranial Nerves, 186The Autonomic Nervous System, 187Aging and the Nervous System, 191CHAPTER 9The Senses 196Sensory Pathway, 198Characteristics of Sensations, 198Cutaneous Senses, 199Muscle Sense, 200Sense of Taste, 200Sense of Smell, 202Hunger and Thirst, 202The Eye, 202The Ear, 210Arterial Receptors, 216Aging and the Senses, 216CHAPTER 10The Endocrine System .221Chemistry of Hormones, 225Regulation of Hormone Secretion, 225The Pituitary Gland, 225Thyroid Gland, 231Parathyroid Glands, 233Pancreas, 233Adrenal Glands, 236Ovaries, 242Contents xiii00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page xiiiCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
Testes, 243Other Hormones, 243Mechanisms of Hormone Action, 244Aging and the Endocrine System, 245CHAPTER 11Blood .250Characteristics of Blood, 252Plasma, 252Blood Cells, 254CHAPTER 12The Heart .272Location and Pericardial Membranes, 274Chambers—Vessels and Valves, 274Coronary Vessels, 277Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds, 278Cardiac Conduction Pathway, 279Heart Rate, 283Cardiac Output, 283Regulation of Heart Rate, 284Aging and the Heart, 286CHAPTER 13The Vascular System .290Arteries, 292Veins, 292Capillaries, 293Pathways of Circulation, 296Velocity of Blood Flow, 306Blood Pressure, 307Regulation of Blood Pressure, 310Aging and the Vascular System, 314CHAPTER 14The Lymphatic System and Immunity .319Lymph, 322Lymph Vessels, 322Lymphatic Tissue, 322Immunity, 327Aging and the Lymphatic System, 337CHAPTER 15The Respiratory System .342Divisions of the Respiratory System, 344Mechanism of Breathing, 347Pulmonary Volumes, 351Exchange of Gases, 354Transport of Gases in the Blood, 355Regulation of Respiration, 358Respiration and Acid–Base Balance, 360Aging and the Respiratory System, 361xiv Contents00Scanlon(p3)-FM 8/17/06 10:40 AM Page xivCopyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.
