• The Dictionary of Human Geography
• Contents
• Preface to the Fifth Edition
• How to Use This Dictionary
• Acknowledgements
• List of Contributors
• Editorial Advisory Board
• THE DICTIONARY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
• Bibliography
• Index
THE DICTIONARY OFHumanGeography5th Edi tionEdited byDerek GregoryRon JohnstonGeraldine PrattMichael J .W attsand SarahWhatmoreA John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., PublicationGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 3 2.4.2009 6:41pm
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THE DICTIONARY OFHumanGeographyGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 1 2.4.2009 6:41pm
To the memory ofDenis Cosgrove and Leslie HeppleGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 2 2.4.2009 6:41pm
THE DICTIONARY OFHumanGeography5th Edi tionEdited byDerek GregoryRon JohnstonGeraldine PrattMichael J .W attsand SarahWhatmoreA John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., PublicationGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 3 2.4.2009 6:41pm
This 5th edition first published 2009# 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization# 2009 Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts, and Sarah WhatmoreEdition history: Basil Blackwell Ltd (1e, 1981 and 2e, 1986);Blackwell Publishers Ltd (3e, 1994 and 4e, 2000)Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing programhas been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United KingdomEditorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UKFor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about howto apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book pleasesee our website atwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.The right of Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts, and SarahWhatmore tobe identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has beenasserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,without the prior permission of the publisher.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appearsin print may not be available in electronic books.Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks.All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any productor vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritativeinformation in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisheris not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistanceis required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThe dictionary of human geography / edited by Derek Gregory . . . [et al.]. – 5th ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4051-3287-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-3288-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. Human geography–Dictionaries. I. Gregory, Derek, 1951–GF4.D52 2009304.203–dc222008037335A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.Set in 9/10pt Plantin by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, IndiaPrinted in Singapore1 2009Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 4 2.4.2009 6:41pm
Conten tsPreface to the Fifth Edition viHow to Use This Dictionary xAcknowledgements xiList of Contributors xiiiEditorial Advisory Board xviTHE DICTIONARY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 1Bibliography 818Index 957Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 5 2.4.2009 6:41pmv
Pref ace to the Fifth E diti onGeographical dictionaries have a long history. A number were published in Europe in theseventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a few – mostly those with greater pretensions to providingconceptual order – were described as ‘Geographical Grammars’. The majority were compendia ofgeographical information, or gazetteers, some of which were truly astonishing in their scope. Forexample, Lawrence Echard noted with some asperity in his 1691 Compendium of Geography thatthe geographer was by then more or less required to be ‘an Entomologist,anAstronomer,aGeometrician, a Natural Philosopher,aHusbandman,anHerbalist,aMechanik,aPhysician,aMerchant,anArchitect,aLinguist,aDivine,aPolitician, one that understands Laws and MilitaryAffairs,anHerald [and] an Historian.’ Margarita Bowen, commenting on 1981 on what she took tobe Geography’s isolation from the scientific mainstream in Echard’s time, suggested that ‘theprospect of adding epistemology and the skills of the philosopher’ to such a list might well haveprecipitated its Cambridge author into the River Cam!It was in large measure the addition of those skills to the necessary accomplishments of ahuman geographer that prompted the first edition of The Dictionary of Human Geography. Theoriginal idea was John Davey’s, a publisher with an extraordinarily rich and creative sense of thefield, and he persuaded Ron Johnston, Derek Gregory, Peter Haggett, David Smith and DavidStoddart to edit the first edition (1981). In their Preface they noted that the changes in humangeography since the Second World War had generated a ‘linguistic explosion’ within the discip-line. Part of the Dictionary’s purpose – then as now – was to provide students and others with aseries of frameworks for situating, understanding and interrogating the modern lexicon. Theimplicit model was something closer to Raymond Williams’ marvellous compilation of Keywordsthan to any ‘Geographical Grammar’. Certainly the intention was always to provide somethingmore than a collection of annotated reading lists. Individual entries were located within a web ofcross-references to other entries, which enabled readers to follow their own paths through theDictionary, sometimes to encounter unexpected parallels and convergences, sometimes to en-counter creative tensions and contradictions. But the major entries were intended to be com-prehensible on their own, and many of them not only provided lucid presentations of key issuesbut also made powerful contributions to subsequent debates.This sense of The Dictionary of Human Geography as both mirror and goad, as both reflectingand provoking work in our field, has been retained in all subsequent editions. The pace ofchange within human geography was such that a second edition (1986) was produced only fiveyears after the first, incorporating significant revisions and additions. For the third (1994) andfourth (2000) editions, yet more extensive revisions and additions were made. This fifth edition,fostered by our publisher Justin Vaughan, continues that restless tradition: it has been compre-hensively redesigned and rewritten and is a vastly different book from the original. The firstedition had over 500 entries written by eighteen contributors; this edition has more than 1000entries written by 111 contributors. Over 300 entries appear for the first time (many of the mostimportant are noted throughout this Preface), and virtually all the others have been fully revisedand reworked. With this edition, we have thus once again been able to chart the emergence ofnew themes, approaches and concerns within human geography, and to anticipate new avenuesof enquiry and new links with other disciplines. The architecture of the Dictionary has also beenchanged. We have retained the cross-referencing of headwords within each entry and thedetailed Index, which together provide invaluable alternatives to the alphabetical ordering ofthe text, but references are no longer listed at the end of each entry. Instead, they now appear in aconsolidated Bibliography at the end of the volume. We took this decision partly to avoidduplication and release space for new and extended entries, but also because we believe theBibliography represents an important intellectual resource in its own right. It has over 4000entries, including books, articles and online sources.Our contributors operated within exacting guidelines, including limits on the length of eachentry and the number of references, and they worked to a demanding schedule. The capstoneentry for previous editions was ‘human geography’, but in this edition that central place is nowGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 6 2.4.2009 6:41pmvi
taken by a major entry on ‘geography’, with separate entries on ‘human geography’ and (for thefirst time) ‘physical geography’. The inclusion of the latter provides a valuable perspective on themultiple ways in which human geography has become involved in interrogations of the biophys-ical world and – one of Williams’s most complicated keywords – ‘nature’. Accordingly, we haveexpanded our coverage of environmental geographies and of terms associated with the continueddevelopment of actor-network theory and political ecology, and for the first time we haveincluded entries on biogeography, biophilosophy, bioprospecting, bioregionalism, biosecurity,biotechnology, climate, environmental history, environmental racism, environmental security,genetic geographies, the global commons, oceans, tropicality, urban nature, wetlands and zoos.The first edition was planned at the height of the critique of spatial science within geography,and for that reason most of the entries were concerned with either analytical methods and formalspatial models or with alternative concepts and approaches drawn from the other social sciences.We have taken new developments in analytical methods into account in subsequent editions, andthis one is no exception. We pay particular attention to the continuing stream of innovations inGeographic Information Systems and, notably, the rise of Geographic Information Science, andwe have also taken notice of the considerable revival of interest in quantitative methods andmodelling: hence we have included for the first time entries on agent-based modelling, Bayesiananalysis, digital cartography, epidemiology, e-social science, geo-informatics and software forquantitative analysis, and we have radically revised our coverage of other analytical methods.The vital importance of qualitative methods in human geography has required renewed atten-tion too, including for the first time entries on discourse analysis and visual methods, togetherwith enhanced entries on deconstruction, ethnography, iconography, map reading and qualita-tive methods. In the previous edition we provided detailed coverage of developments in thesocial sciences and the humanities, and we have taken this still further in the present edition.Human geographers have continued to be assiduous in unpicking the seams between the socialsciences and the humanities, and for the first time we have included entries on social theory, onthe humanities, and on philosophy and literature (complementing revised entries on art, filmand music), together with crucial junction-terms such as affect, assemblage, cartographic reason,contrapuntal geographies, dialectical image, emotional geography, minor theory, posthuman-ism, representation and trust (complementing enhanced entries on performance, performativity,non-representational theory and representation). Since the previous edition, the interest in sometheoretical formations has declined, and with it the space we have accorded to them; but humangeography has continued its close engagement with postcolonialism and post-structuralism, andthe new edition incorporates these developments. They involve two continuing and, we think,crucial moments. The first is a keen interest in close and critical reading (surely vital for anydictionary!) and, to repeat what we affirmed in the preface to the previous edition, we are keenlyaware of the slipperiness of our geographical ‘keywords’: of the claims they silently make, theprivileges they surreptitiously install, and of the wider webs of meaning and practice withinwhich they do their work. It still seems to us that human geographers are moving with consid-erable critical intelligence in a trans-disciplinary, even post-disciplinary space, and we hope thatthis edition continues to map and move within this intellectual topography with unprecedentedprecision and range. The second implication of postcolonialism and post-structuralism is aheightened sensitivity to what we might call the politics of specificity. This does not herald thereturn of the idiographic under another name, and it certainly does not entail any slackening ofinterest in theoretical work (we have in fact included an enhanced entry on theory). But it hasinvolved a renewed interest in and commitment to that most traditional of geographical con-cerns, the variable character of the world in which we live. In one sense, perhaps, this makes thefifth edition more conventionally ‘geographical’ than its predecessors. We have included newentries on the conceptual formation of major geographical divisions and imaginaries, includingthe globe and continents (with separate entries on Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australasia andEurope), and on Latin America, the Middle East, the global South and the West, and on cognatefields such as area studies and International Relations. But we also asked our contributors torecognize that the world of geography is not limited to the global North. In previous editions,contributors frequently commented on the multiple ways in which modern human geographyhad worked to privilege and, indeed, normalize ‘the modern’, and together they traced agenealogy of geographical knowledge in which the world beyond Europe and North Americawas all too often marginalized or produced as a problematic ‘pre-modern’. For this edition, weasked contributors to go beyond the critique of these assumptions and, wherever possible, toGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 7 2.4.2009 6:41pmPREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITIONvii
incorporate more cosmopolitan geographies (and we have included a new entry on cos-mopolitanism).And yet we must also recognize that this edition, like its predecessors, remains focused onEnglish-language words, terms and literatures. There are cautionary observations to be madeabout the power-laden diffusion of English as a ‘global language’, and we know that there aresevere limitations to working within a single-language tradition (especially in a field like humangeography). The vitality of other geographical traditions should neither be overlooked norminimized. We certainly do not believe that human geography conducted in English somehowconstitutes the canonical version of the discipline, though it would be equally foolish to ignorethe powers and privileges it arrogates to itself in the unequal world of the international academy.Neither should one discount the privileges that can be attached to learning other languages, norminimize the perils of translation: linguistic competences exact their price. But to offer some(limited) protection against an unreflective ethnocentrism, we have been guided by an inter-national Editorial Advisory Board and we have extended our coverage of issues bound up withAnglocentrism and Eurocentrism, colonialism and imperialism, Empire and Orientalism – all ofthese in the past and in the present – and we continue to engage directly with the politics of‘race’, racism and violence. All of this makes it impossible to present The Dictionary of HumanGeography as an Archimedean overview, a textual performance of what Donna Haraway calls‘the God-trick’. The entries are all situated knowledges, written by scholars working in Australia,Canada, Denmark, India, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom andthe United States of America. None of them is detached, and all of them are actively involved inthe debates that they write about. More than this, the authors write from a diversity of subject-positions, so that this edition, like its predecessor, reveals considerable diversity and debatewithin the discipline. We make no secret of the differences – in position, in orientation, inpolitics – among our contributors. They do not speak with a single voice, and this is not awork of bland or arbitrary systematization produced by a committee. Even so, we are consciousof at least some of its partialities and limitations, and we invite our readers to consider how theseother voices might be heard from other positions, other places, and to think about the voices thatare – deliberately or unconsciously – silenced or marginalized.None of these changes is a purely intellectual matter, of course, for they do not take place in avacuum: the world has changed since the previous edition, and this is reflected in a number ofentries that appear here for the first time. Some reach back to recover terms from the recent pastthat are active in our present – including Cold War, fascism, Holocaust and Second World – butall of them are distinguished by a sense of the historical formation of concepts and the webs ofpower in which they are implicated. While we do not believe that ‘everything changed’ after theattacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, one year after ourlast edition, a shortlist of terms that have achieved new salience within the field indicates how farhuman geography has been restructured to accommodate a heightened sensitivity to politicalviolence, including its ethical, economic and ecological dimensions. While many of these terms(like the four we have just mentioned) should have been in previous editions, for the first time wenow have entries on: American Empire, asylum, bare life, the camp, ethnic cleansing, spaces ofexception, genocide, homo sacer, human rights, intifada, just war, militarism, military geography,military occupation, resource wars, rogue states, security, terrorism, urbicide and war. Humangeography has made major contributions to the critical study of economic transformation andglobalization too, and our entries continue to recognize major developments in economicgeography and political economy, and the lively exchanges between them that seek to explicatedramatic changes in contemporary regimes of capital accumulation and circulation. The globaleconomic crisis broke as this edition was going to press. We had already included new entries onanti-development and anti-globalization, on the International Monetary Fund and the WorldSocial Forum, and on narco-capitalism and petrocapitalism, which speak to some of theramifications of the crisis, but we also believe that these events have made our expandedcritiques of (in particular) capitalism, markets and neo-liberalism more relevant than everbefore.A number of other projects have appeared in the wake of previous editions of the Dictionary:meta-projects such as the International Encyclopedia of Human Geography and several otherencyclopedias, an indispensable Feminist Glossary of Human Geography, and a series devoted toKey Concepts in the major subdisciplines of human geography. There is, of course, a lively debateabout scale in geography, but we believe that the scale (or perhaps the extent of the conceptualGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 8 2.4.2009 6:41pmPREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITIONviii
network) of The Dictionary of Human Geography continues to be a crucial resource for anyonewho wants to engage with the continued development of the field. It is not the last word – andneither pretends nor wishes to be – but rather an invitation to recover those words that camebefore, to reflect on their practical consequences, and to contribute to future ‘geo-graphings’.This makes it all the more salutary to return to Echard’s original list and realize that virtually allof the fields he identified as bearing on geography have their counterparts within the contem-porary discipline. The single exception is the figure of the Herald, but if this is taken to imply notthe skill of heraldry but rather a harbinger of what is to come, then human geography’s interestin prediction and forecasting returns us to the footsteps of our seventeenth-century forebear.Be that as it may, none of us is prepared to forecast the scope and contents of the next edition ofThe Dictionary of Human Geography, which is why working on the project continues to be such awonderfully creative process.Derek GregoryRon JohnstonGeraldine PrattMichael J. WattsSarah WhatmoreGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 9 2.4.2009 6:41pmPREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITIONix
How to UseThis DictionaryKeywords are listed alphabetically and appear on the page in bold type: in most cases, users ofthe Dictionary should begin their searches there. Within each entry, cross-references to otherentries are shown in capital letters (these include the plural and adjectival versions of many ofthe terms). Readers may trace other connections through the comprehensive index at the back ofthe book.Suggested readings are provided at the end of each entry in abbreviated (Harvard) form; a fullBibliography is provided between pages 818 and 956, and readers seeking particular references orthe works of particular authors should begin their searches there.Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 10 2.4.2009 6:41pmx
AcknowledgementsIn the production of this edition, we are again indebted to a large number of people. We areparticularly grateful to Justin Vaughan, our publisher at Wiley-Blackwell, for his enthusiasm,support and impeccably restrained goading, and to many others at Wiley-Blackwell (especiallyLiz Cremona and Tim Beuzeval) who have been involved in the management and implemen-tation of this project. We owe a special debt to Geoffrey Palmer, our copy-editor, who performedmarvels turning multiple electronic files into an accurate and coherent printed volume, and toWordCo Indexing Services, Inc., who compiled and cross-checked the Index with meticulouscare.The preparation of a large multi-authored volume such as this is dependent on the co-operation of a large number of colleagues, who accepted our invitation to contribute, ourcajoling to produce the entries, our prompts over deadlines and our editorial interventions: weare immensely grateful to them for their care, tolerance and patience. It is with the greatestsadness that we record the deaths of two of them during the preparation of the Dictionary – DenisCosgrove and Les Hepple – and we dedicate this edition to their memory.The authors, editors and publishers thank the following for permission to reproduce thecopyright material indicated:Martin Cadwallader for the figure reproduced in the entry for Alonso model from AnalyticalUrban Geography, 1985.Blackwell Publishing Ltd with The University of Chicago Press for the figure reproduced in theentry capitalism from D. Harvey, The Limits to Capital, 1982.Blackwell Publishing Ltd for the figure reproduced in the entry crisis from D. Gregory,Geographical Imaginations , 1993.Blackwell Publishing Ltd for the figure reproduced in the entry critical theory, based on Ju¨rgenHabermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 2, Polity Press.University of California Press for the figure reproduced in the entry cultural landscape fromCarol O. Sauer, The Morphology of Landscape, 1925. # 1925 The Regents of the University ofCalifornia.Peter Haggett for the figure reproduced in the entry for demographic transition from Geog-raphy: A Modern Synthesis, 1975.Ohio State University Press/Macmillan Publishers Ltd for the figure reproduced in the entrydistance decay from Peter J. Taylor, ‘Distance transformation and distance decay functions’,Geographical Analysis , Vol. 3, 3 July 1971. # Ohio State University Press.Hodder and Stoughton Publishers Ltd for the figure reproduced in the entry Kondratieffwaves based on Marshall, 1987, from P. Knox and J. Agnew, Geography of the World-Economy,1989.Macmillan Publishers Ltd with St. Martin’s Press for the figure reproduced in the entryKondratieff waves from Knox and Agnew, adapted from M. Marshall, Long Waves of RegionalDevelopment, 1987.Peter Haggett for the figure reproduced in the entry for locational analysis, from LocationalAnalysis in Human Geography, 1977.Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 11 2.4.2009 6:41pmxi
Cambridge University Press and The University of Chicago Press for the figure reproduced inthe entry for multiple nuclei model from Harris and Ullman in H.M. Mayer and C.F. Kohn,eds, Readings in Urban Geography, 1959.Blackwell Publishing Ltd for figures 1 and 2 reproduced in the entry production of space fromD. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, 1993.The Estate of Conroy Maddox for the figure reproduced in the entry for reflexivity.Gregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 12 2.4.2009 6:41pmACKNOWLEDGEMENTSxii
ContributorsAA Ash Amin, Professor of Geography,University of Durham, UKAB Alison Blunt, Professor ofGeography, Queen Mary, Universityof London, UKAGH Tony Hoare, Senior Lecturer inGeography, University of Bristol,UKAJB Adrian Bailey, Professor ofMigration Studies, School ofGeography, University of Leeds, UKAJS Anna Secor, Associate Professor ofGeography, University of Kentucky,USAAL Andrew Leyshon, Professor ofEconomic Geography, University ofNottingham, UKAV Alexander Vasudevan, Lecturer inCultural and Historical Geography,University of Nottingham, UKBA Ben Anderson, Lecturer inGeography, University of Durham,UKBY Brenda Yeoh, Professor ofGeography, National University ofSingapore, SingaporeCB Clive Barnett, Reader in HumanGeography, The Open University,UKCF Colin Flint, Professor of Geography,University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USACK Cindi Katz, Professor of Geography,Graduate Center, The CityUniversity of New York, USACP Chris Philo, Professor of Geography,University of Glasgow, UKCW Charles Withers, Professor ofHistorical Geography, University ofEdinburgh, UKDCa David Campbell, Professor ofCultural and Political Geography,University of Durham, UKDCl Dan Clayton, Lecturer in HumanGeography, University of StAndrews, UKDCo Denis Cosgrove, formerly Alexandervon Humboldt Professor ofGeography, University of California,Los Angeles, USADG Derek Gregory, Professor ofGeography, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, CanadaDH Dan Hiebert, Professor ofGeography, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, CanadaDL David Ley, Professor of Geography,University of British Columbia,Vancouver, CanadaDMat David Matless, Professor of CulturalGeography, University ofNottingham, UKDMar Deborah Martin, Assistant Professorof Geography, Clark University,USADMS David Smith, Emeritus Professor ofGeography, Queen Mary, Universityof London, UKDNL David Livingstone, Professor ofGeography and Intellectual History,Queen’s University, Belfast, UKDP David Pinder, Reader in Geography,Queen Mary, University of London,UKEM Eugene McCann, AssociateProfessor of Geography, SimonFraser University, CanadaEP Eric Pawson, Professor ofGeography, University ofCanterbury, New ZealandES Eric Sheppard, Regents Professor,University of Minnesota, USAESch Erica Schoenberger, Professor ofGeography, the Johns HopkinsUniversity, USAFD Felix Driver, Professor of HumanGeography, Royal Holloway,University of London, UKGB Gavin Bridge, Reader in EconomicGeography, University ofManchester, UKGHa Gillian Hart, Professor ofGeography, University of California,Berkeley, USAGHe George Henderson, AssociateProfessor of Geography, Universityof Minnesota, USAGK Gerry Kearns, Professor ofGovernment and InternationalAffairs, Virginia Tech, USAGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 13 2.4.2009 6:41pmxiii
GP Geraldine Pratt, Professor ofGeography, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, CanadaGR Gillian Rose, Professor of CulturalGeography, The Open University, UKGV Gill Valentine, Professor ofGeography, University of Leeds, UKGW Graeme Wynn, Professor ofGeography, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, CanadaJA John Agnew, Professor ofGeography, University of California,Los Angeles, USAJD Jessica Dubow, Lecturer inGeography, University of Sheffield,UKJF James Faulconbridge, Lecturer inHuman Geography, LancasterUniversity, UKJGl Jim Glassman, Associate Professor ofGeography, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, CanadaJGu Julie Guthman, Associate Professor,Community Studies, University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, USAJH Jennifer Hyndman, Professor ofGeography, Syracuse University,USAJK Jake Kosek, Assistant Professor,University of California, Berkeley,USAJL Jo Little, Professor in Gender andGeography, University of Exeter, UKJM James McCarthy, Assistant Professorof Geography, Pennsylvania StateUniversity, USAJPa Joe Painter, Professor of Geography,University of Durham, UKJPe Jamie Peck, Professor of Geography,University of British Columbia,Vancouver, CanadaJPi John Pickles, Earl N. PhillipsDistinguished Professor ofInternational Studies andGeography, University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill, USAJPJ John Paul Jones III, Professor ofGeography, University of Arizona,USAJSD James Duncan, Reader in CulturalGeography, University of CambridgeJSh Jo Sharp, Senior Lecturer inGeography, University of Glasgow,UKJSt Jon Stobart, Professor of History,Northampton University, UKJSu Juanita Sundberg, AssistantProfessor of Geography, Universityof British Columbia, Vancouver,CanadaJWi Jane Wills, Professor of HumanGeography, Queen Mary, Universityof London, UKJWy John Wylie, Senior Lecturer inHuman Geography, University ofExeter, UKKB Keith Bassett, Senior Lecturer inGeography, University of Bristol, UKKJ Kelvyn Jones, Professor of HumanQuantitative Geography, Universityof Bristol, UKKM Katharyne Mitchell, Professor ofGeography, University ofWashington, Seattle, USAKS Kirsten Simonsen, Professor ofGeography, Roskilde University,DenmarkKWa Kevin Ward, Professor ofGeography, University ofManchester, UKKWo Keith Woodard, Lecturer in HumanGeography, University of Exeter, UKLB Liz Bondi, Professor of SocialGeography, University ofEdinburgh, UKLK Lily Kong, Vice President(University and Global Relations)and Professor of Geography,National University of Singapore,SingaporeLL Loretta Lees, Professor of HumanGeography, King’s College, London,UKLST Leigh Shaw-Taylor, Senior ResearchAssociate in Geography and DeputyDirector of the Cambridge Group forthe History of Population and SocialStructure, University of Cambridge,UKLWH Les Hepple, formerly Professor ofGeography, University of Bristol, UKMB Michael Brown, Professor ofGeography, University ofWashington, Seattle, USAMC Mike Crang, Reader in Geography,University of Durham, UKME Matthew Edney, Director of theHistory of Cartography Project,University of Wisconsin, Madison,USAMH Michael Heffernan, Professor ofHistorical Geography, University ofNottingham, UKMM Mark Monmonier, DistinguishedProfessor of Geography, SyracuseUniversity, USAGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 14 2.4.2009 6:41pmCONTRIBUTORSxiv
MS Matthew Sparke, Professor ofGeography, University ofWashington, USAMSG Meric Gertler, Dean of Arts andSciences and Professor ofGeography, University of Toronto,CanadaMSR Matthew Smallman-Raynor,Professor of Analytical Geography,Nottingham University, UKMT Matt Turner, Professor ofGeography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USAMW Michael J. Watts, Professor ofGeography, University of California,Berkeley, USANB Nick Bingham, Lecturer in HumanGeography, The Open University,UKNC Nigel Clark, Senior Lecturer inHuman Geography, The OpenUniversity, UKNJ Nuala Johnson, Reader in HumanGeography, Queen’s University,Belfast, UKNJC Nick Clifford, Professor of RiverScience, School of Geography,University of Nottingham, UKNKB Nick Blomley, Professor ofGeography, Simon FraserUniversity, CanadaNS Nadine Schuurman, AssociateProfessor of Geography, SimonFraser University, CanadaOY Oren Yiftachel, Professor ofGeography, Ben Gurion Universityof the Negev, IsraelPG Paul Glennie, Senior Lecturer inGeography, University of Bristol, UKPH Phil Hubbard, Professor of UrbanSocial Geography, LoughboroughUniversity, UKPM Phil McManus, Associate Professorof Geography, School ofGeosciences, University of Sydney,AustraliaPR Paul Routledge, Readerin Geography,University of Glasgow, UKRH Richard Harris, Senior Lecturer inGeography, University of Bristol,UKRJ Ron Johnston, Professor ofGeography, University of Bristol, UKRK Roger Keil, Professor ofEnvironmental Studies, YorkUniversity, CanadaRL Roger Lee, Professor of Geography,Queen Mary, University of LondonRMS Richard Smith, Professor ofHistorical Geography andDemography, University ofCambridge, UKRN Richa Nagar, Professor of Gender,Women and Sexuality Studies,Department of Geography,University of Minnesota, USASC Sharad Chari, Lecturer in HumanGeography, London School ofEconomics, UKSCh Sanjay Chaturvedi, Professor ofPolitical Science and Co-ordinator ofthe Centre for the Study ofGeopolitics, Panjab University,Chandigarh, IndiaSCo Stuart Corbridge, Professor ofDevelopment Studies, LondonSchool of Economics, UKSD Simon Dalby, Professorof Geography,Carleton University, CanadaSE Stuart Elden, Professor ofGeography, University of DurhamUKSG Stephen Graham, Professor ofGeography, University of Durham,UKSHa Susan Hanson, Research Professor ofGeography, Clark University, USASHe Steve Herbert, Professor ofGeography, University ofWashington, Seattle, USASHi Stephen Hinchliffe, Reader inEnvironmental Geography, TheOpen University, UKSM Sallie Marston, Professor ofGeography, University of Arizona,USASP Scott Prudham, Associate Professorof Geography, University ofToronto, CanadaSW Sarah Whatmore, Professor ofEnvironment and Public Policy,School of Geography and theEnvironment, University of Oxford,UKTJB Trevor Barnes, Professor ofGeography, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, CanadaUS Ulf Strohmayer, Professor ofGeography, National University ofIreland, Galway, IrelandVG Vinay Gidwani, Associate Professorof Geography, University ofMinnesota, USAWMA Bill Adams, Moran Professor ofConservation and Development,University of Cambridge, UKGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 15 2.4.2009 6:41pmCONTRIBUTORSxv
E dito rial Adviso ry BoardNicholas BlomleyProfessor of Geography, Simon FraserUniversity, CanadaSanjay ChaturvediProfessor of Political Science and Co-ordinator ofthe Centre for the Study of Geopolitics, PanjabUniversity, IndiaEric ClarkProfessor, Department of Social and EconomicGeography, Lund University, SwedenFelix DriverProfessor of Human Geography, Royal Holloway,University of London, UKKatherine GibsonProfessor, Department of Human Geography,Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,Australian National University, Canberra,AustraliaMichael HeffernanProfessor of Historical geography, University ofNottingham, UKJennifer HyndmanProfessor of Geography, Syracuse University,USAKelvyn JonesProfessor of Human Quantitative Geography,University of Bristol, UKPaul LongleyProfessor of Geographic Information Science,University College London, UKPeter MeusburgerSenior Professor, Department of Geography,University of Heidelberg, GermanyDon MitchellProfessor of Geography, Syracuse University,USAAnna SecorAssociate Professor of Geography, University ofKentucky, USAJoanne SharpSenior Lecturer in Geography, University ofGlasgow, UKEric SheppardRegents Professor, Department of Geography,University of Minnesota, USAKirsten SimonsenProfessor of Geography, Roskilde University,DenmarkDavid SlaterLoughborough University, UKGearoid O´Tuathail (Gerard Toal)Professor, School of Public and InternationalAffairs, Virginia Tech, USAJane WillsProfessor of Human Geography, Queen Mary,University of London, UKBrenda YeohProfessor of Geography, National University ofSingaporeOren YiftachelProfessor of Geography, Ben-Gurion University ofthe Negev, IsraelYoka YoshidaAssociate Professor of Human Geography, NaraWomen’s University, JapanGregory / The Dictionary of Human Geography 9781405132879_1_FM Final Proof page 16 2.4.2009 6:41pmxvi
