• Cover
• Foreword
• Introduction
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• List of Figures, Boxes and Tables
• Figures
• Chapter 1
• 1.1 Average annual urban population increase, by region (1970–2045)
• 1.2 Passenger light-duty vehicle fleet and ownership rates by region, estimates and projections (1980–2035)
• 1.3 Transportation infrastructure investments by mode, Europe (1995–2010)
• 1.4 Modal splits of urban trips (2005)
• 1.5 World oil consumption by sector
• Chapter 2
• 2.1 Urban travel modal shares in selected cities
• 2.2 Cycling and walking share of daily trips in Europe, North America and Australia (1999–2009)
• 2.3 Number of inhabitants per bicycle, developed countries
• 2.4 Transport investments in Indian cities under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (by December 2011)
• 2.5 Percentage of daily trips by public transport, selected cities in Europe, US and Australia (2001 data)
• 2.6 Annual public transport passenger trips per capita, Australia (1930–2010)
• 2.7 Transport investments in Africa (2008)
• 2.8 Length of public transport networks, selected cities in Africa and Latin America
• 2.9 Informal transport market share and GDP per capita in ten selected cities in Africa
• 2.10 Total stock of motor vehicles, OECD and non-OECD countries (2005 and 2050)
• 2.11 Global sales of new cars (1990–1999 and 2012)
• 2.12 Vehicle kilometres travelled per capita for cars versus GDP per capita (1970–2008)
• 2.13 Car and motorcycle ownership rates, selected Asian cities
• Chapter 3
• 3.1 Initial cost versus capacity and speed
• 3.2 Growth of metro systems worldwide
• 3.3 Metro systems around the world
• 3.4 Evolution of BRT – Number of new cities each year and cumulative number of cities with operational BRT systems (1970–2012)
• 3.5 BRT systems around the world, number of cities and system lengths (mid-2013)
• Chapter 4
• 4.1 Components of city logistics and their relative importance
• 4.2 Main stakeholders and relationships in urban freight distribution
• 4.3 World’s major gateways (sea and air freight) (2006)
• 4.4 Logistics sprawl: Location of terminals of large parcel and express transport companies in the Paris region (1974 and 2010)
• 4.5 City logistics and land use
• Chapter 5
• 5.1 Urban population densities of 1366 cities, mean densities by region (2000–2010)
• 5.2 Long-term decline in built-up area densities in 25 selected cities (1800–2000)
• 5.3 Influences of urban densities on transport-related energy consumption, 32 cities (1989)
• 5.4 Population density gradients of seven cities
• 5.5 Average land coverage by region, among 1366 cities (2000–2010)
• 5.6 Urban form and the spatial pattern of travel flows
• 5.7 Average trip lengths in Indian cities as a function of population densities
• 5.8 Average trip lengths in Indian cities as a function of total urban population
• 5.9 Relationship between urban form and cost-effective public transport
• 5.10 Urban population density and public transport travel
• 5.11 Minimum urban densities needed for top-performance investments, fixed-guideway capital costs in the US
• 5.12 Comparison of urban forms and transport-sector CO2 emissions in Atlanta (US) and Barcelona (Spain)
• 5.13 Neighbourhood-scale TOD site design, with mixed-use development within a walkshed (650 metres) of a public transport stop, with densities tapering with distance from the station
• 5.14 Mobility and accessibility trade-off along freeway corridor
• 5.15 Public transport corridors as ‘necklaces of pearls’
• 5.16 Stockholm’s necklace-of-pearls built form
• 5.17 Curitiba’s trinary road system, Brazil
• 5.18 Correspondence between daily public transport boardings (vertical axis) and skyline profile along Curitiba’s north to south trinary axis
• 5.19 Pearl River Delta mega-region
• 5.20 Urban public transport investments and urban-form outcomes
• Chapter 6
• 6.1 Proportion of world population under the age of 15 (1950–2100)
• 6.2 Proportion of world population 60 years and older (1950–2100)
• 6.3 Road traffic fatalities by modes of transport
• Chapter 7
• 7.1 Crude oil prices (1945–2011)
• 7.2 Worldwide retail prices of petrol (2010)
• 7.3 Per capita emissions of CO2 from (private and public) passenge transport in 84 cities (1995)
• 7.4 Vehicle age distribution, selected countries
• 7.5 Actual and projected greenhouse gas emissions from new passenger vehicles, by country and region
• Chapter 8
• 8.1 Car ownership as a function of gross national income (2010)
• 8.2 Average capital costs (infrastructure and rolling stock) of major public transport modes, as a function of GDP per capita
• 8.3 Average operating costs (operation, maintenance and replacement) of major public transport modes, as a function of GDP per capita
• 8.4 Sources of operating revenue, selected cities
• 8.5 Urban road pricing terminology
• Chapter 9
• 9.1 Functions of unified metropolitan transport authorities in India
• 9.2 Organizational structure of transport and land-use institutions in Shanghai, China
• Boxes
• Chapter 2
• 2.1 Modes of urban transport
• 2.2 An exercise in cycle-friendly design
• 2.3 Zero-fare public transport?
• 2.4 Auto-rickshaws: Taxis for the poor and middle class
• 2.5 Mini bus operators in Kampala (Uganda) and Nairobi (Kenya)
• 2.6 Gender differences in Nigerian motorcycle taxis
• Chapter 3
• 3.1 The growth of metros around the world
• 3.2 Metros, urban structure and land use
• Chapter 4
• 4.1 Urban planning and freight distribution
• 4.2 Gateway cities and global distribution
• 4.3 Non-motorized informal goods transport in Asia and Africa
• 4.4 Relationships between formal and informal city logistics, Mexico City
• 4.5 Logistics sprawl, Paris, France
• 4.6 Land use and forms of city logistics
• 4.7 Cities and logistical performance
• Chapter 5
• 5.1 Suburbanization in Eastern Europe
• 5.2 Dispersed growth in India
• 5.3 Urban sprawl
• 5.4 Mobility and over-concentrated development in Beijing, China
• 5.5 Density thresholds for cost-effective public transport in the US
• 5.6 Dysfunctional densities of Los Angeles, US
• 5.7 ‘Compact cities’ or ‘smart growth’
• 5.8 5 Ds of built environments that influence travel
• 5.9 Land-use diversity
• 5.10 Transit-oriented development
• 5.11 Pearl River Delta mega-region
• 5.12 Prerequisites to urban-form changes
• Chapter 6
• 6.1 Understanding the parameters of urban transport
• 6.2 Nairobi–Thika highway improvement project, Kenya
• 6.3 Supporting non-motorized transport investments in Africa
• 6.4 Integrating non-motorized transport into transportation systems in Bogotá, Colombia
• 6.5 Metropolitan regional transport plans and priorities, Atlanta, US
• 6.6 Children and youth: Population trends
• 6.7 Women’s participation in the transport sector in China
• 6.8 Private transport for special groups
• 6.9 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 9, paragraph 1)
• 6.10 Rwanda’s road-safety programme
• 6.11 Toolkits for road safety
• 6.12 Reducing road traffic fatalities in Bogotá, Colombia
• Chapter 7
• 7.1 Fuel subsidies
• 7.2 Air pollutants
• 7.3 A successful bicycle sharing system, Changwon, the Republic of Korea
• 7.4 Internet shopping
• 7.5 Transport accessibility to Canary Wharf, London, UK
• 7.6 Promoting sustainable transport solutions in Eastern African cities
• 7.7 TransMilenio: Supporting sustainable mobility in Bogotá, Colombia
• 7.8 Sustainable transport in Hangzhou, China
• 7.9 The Hybrid and Electric Bus Test Programme, Latin America
• 7.10 Hybrid trucks
• 7.11 Freight loads and emissions standards
• 7.12 Car-free living: Vauban, Germany
• Chapter 8
• 8.1 Public transport cost recovery from fares
• 8.2 Crossrail and agglomeration benefits, London, UK
• 8.3 The high personal cost of urban transport: Anglophone Sub-Saharan Africa
• 8.4 Urban road pricing initiatives
• 8.5 Parking charges: A promising source of finance for public and non-motorized transport
• 8.6 Versement transport, Paris, France
• 8.7 Hong Kong and its Mass Transit Railway Corporation, China
• 8.8 Value capture has a long history to ensure private sector profits
• 8.9 Types of public–private partnerships
• 8.10 Economic rationale for using public–private partnerships
• 8.11 The use of a public–private partnership to upgrade the London Underground, UK
• 8.12 Multiple funding sources: The New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority, US
• 8.13 Funding of public transport investments: Lessons from Delhi and Ahmedabad, India
• Chapter 9
• 9.1 The Executive Council of Urban Transport (CETUD), in Dakar, Senegal
• 9.2 Typical challenges of urban transport institutions in South Asia
• 9.3 The Land Transport Authority of Singapore
• 9.4 Key challenges in integrated land-use and transport planning
• 9.5 The potential of social media and open source material
• 9.6 Main causes for the sustainable mobility planning achievements of Nantes, France
• 9.7 Institutional framework for urban mobility in Santiago de Chile
• 9.8 Social participation in decision-making: The ‘mobility pact’ in Barcelona, Spain
• 9.9 Institutional developments for urban mobility in Hanoi, Viet Nam
• 9.10 Climate change activity at the state level, US
• 9.11 The Freight Charter, Paris, France
• 9.12 Land-use and transport planning, Bogotá, Colombia
• 9.13 Institutional and governance framework in support of light rail in Portland, Oregon, US
• 9.14 The Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA), Nigeria
• 9.15 Functions of ‘Infrastructure Australia’
• Tables
• Chapter 2
• 2.1 Non-motorized transport benefits
• 2.2 Global overview of structure of formal public transport
• 2.3 Global stock of motor vehicles and passenger cars (2010)
• 2.4 Two-/three-wheeler use restrictions, selected Asian countries
• 2.5 Road transport infrastructure in selected cities
• Chapter 3
• 3.1 Main physical characteristics of metro, light rail and BRT
• 3.2 Outputs and requirements for metro, light rail and BRT
• 3.3 Metro systems by region
• 3.4 Metro systems with average daily ridership of more than 2 million passengers per day
• 3.5 Top ten light rail and tram systems by ridership
• 3.6 Current state of BRT systems around the world (mid-2013)
• 3.7 The world’s major BRT systems
• 3.8 Examples of cities with infrastructure, information systems and payment elements that promote multi-modal connectivity
• Chapter 4
• 4.1 Major actors in urban freight distribution and their land-use handhold
• 4.2 Key challenges in urban goods transport
• 4.3 Social externalities of freight distribution
• 4.4 Main city logistics policies
• Chapter 5
• 5.1 5 D influences on VKT, expressed as average elasticities
• 5.2 Changes in retail sales transactions in pedestrianized areas of West German cities (1965–1975)
• Chapter 6
• 6.1 Dimensions of poverty and the impact of improved transport
• 6.2 Public transport affordability index values for selected cities
• 6.3 Female travel patterns and constraints in developing countries
• 6.4 Estimated prevalence of moderate and severe disability, by region, sex and age (2004)
• 6.5 Threats to security of person and property
• Chapter 7
• 7.1 World transport energy use and CO2 emissions, by mode
• 7.2 Energy efficiency for urban transport, by mode of transport
• 7.3 CO2 emissions levels overall and for transport (2009)
• 7.4 Planning and development measures taken in New York City and Singapore
• 7.5 GlaxoSmithKline – 2010 corporate responsibility report
• Chapter 8
• 8.1 Number of people employed by public transport operators, by region (2009)
• 8.2 Projected transport infrastructure investment, road and rail (2005–2030)
• Chapter 9
• 9.1 Institutional models for urban mobility, mainland China
• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Chapter 1. The Urban Mobility Challenge
• Accessibility is at the Core of Urban Mobility
• The Transport Bias of Mobility
• Some of the Forces Promoting the Transport Bias
• Trends and Conditions in Transport-Oriented Mobility Systems
• Varying but declining dominance of public transport
• Informality
• Non-motorized transport
• Traffic congestion
• Sustainability Challenges of Urban Mobility
• Integration of land-use and transport planning
• Social dimensions
• Environmental dimensions
• Economic dimensions
• Institutional and governance dimensions
• Concluding Remarks and Structure of the Report
• Notes
• Chapter 2. The State of Urban Passenger Transport
• Non-Motorized Transport
• Developing countries
• Developed countries
• Infrastructure for non-motorized transport
• Impacts of non-motorized transport
• Formal Public Transport
• Developing countries
• Developed countries
• Infrastructure for public transport
• Impacts of formal public transport
• Informal Transport
• Developing countries
• Developed countries
• Impacts of informal transport
• Private Motorized Transport
• Developed countries
• Developing countries
• Infrastructure for private motorized transport
• Impacts of private motorized transport
• Intermodality in Urban Transport
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 3. Metro, Light Rail and BRT
• Main Characteristics of Metro, Light Rail and BRT Systems
• Metro
• Light rail
• Bus rapid transit
• Main physical characteristics, outputs and requirements
• Examples of National Policies toward High-Capacity Public Transport in Developing Countries
• China
• India
• Brazil
• Mexico
• Kenya
• Morocco
• Nigeria
• South Africa
• Metro Systems Around the World: Trends and Conditions
• Light Rail Systems Around the World: Trends and Conditions
• BRT Systems Around the World: Trends and Conditions
• Main Challenges Facing High-Capacity Public Transport Systems
• Integration within the public transport system
• Integration with other elements of the transport system
• Integration with the built environment
• Quality of service
• Finance
• Financial risks in public transport project development
• Funding sources
• Public transport subsidies
• Institutions
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 4. Urban Goods Transport
• Urban Goods Transport: Key Components and Actors
• Components of urban goods transport
• Actors and stakeholders in urban goods transport
• Trends and Conditions of Urban Goods Transport
• Developed countries
• Developing countries
• Goods Transport in an Urban Context
• Terminal facilities
• Distribution facilities
• Logistics sprawl
• Challenges of Urban Goods Transport
• Environmental challenges
• Economic challenges
• Social and institutional challenges
• Existing Policy Responses
• Rationalization of deliveries
• Freight facilities
• Modal adaptation
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 5. Mobility and Urban Form
• Decentralization, Car Dependence and Travel
• The dispersal metropolis
• Global urban density patterns and trends
• Urban transport as a factor increasing urban sprawl
• Urban density and travel
• Other attributes of urban form influencing travel
• Urban form and travel
• Urban Densities and Public Transport Thresholds
• Planning the Accessible City
• Built Environments and Travel at the Neighbourhood Scale
• Traditional neighbourhoods and the new urbanism
• Transit-oriented development (TOD)
• Traffic-calmed and car-restricted neighbourhoods
• Corridor Contexts
• Mobility and development trade-offs
• Public transport-oriented corridors
• Regional Context
• Connectivity and large urban configurations
• City cluster variances and transport responses
• Impacts of Transportation Investments on Urban Form
• Impacts of public transport investments
• Public transport and land price appreciation
• Bus-based public transport and urban-form adjustments
• Impacts of motorways
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 6. Equitable Access to Urban Mobility
• Affordable Urban Mobility
• Challenges and impacts of urban poverty
• Policy responses and innovative practices
• Supporting non-motorized transport
• Improving affordability and quality of service of public transport
• Improving affordability through urban form and land use
• Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups and Urban Mobility
• Global conditions, trends and challenges
• Policy responses and innovative practices
• Gender-sensitive design, infrastructure and services
• Increasing pedestrian accessibility and safety
• ‘Universal design’ or ‘access for all’
• Safety and Security in Urban Mobility Systems
• Global conditions, trends and challenges
• Road traffic accidents
• Transportation security: Risks and fears related to the use of public transport
• Policy responses and innovative practices
• Reducing road traffic accidents
• Improving the safety and security of vulnerable groups
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 7. Urban Mobility and the Environment
• Environmental Challenges in Urban Mobility Systems
• Motorization and oil dependence
• Mobility and climate change
• Dependence on motorized forms of transport and urban sprawl
• Human health concerns
• Air pollution
• Noise pollution
• Human health and physical activity
• Community severance, open spaces and mental health
• Reducing the Number of Motorized Trips
• Reducing Travel Distances in Cities
• Changing the Modal Split
• Technological Innovation and Vehicle Efficiency
• Efficiency and age of the vehicle stock
• Standards of fuels used and emissions from vehicles
• Alternative fuels
• Occupancy (load) factors
• The Composite Solution
• Funding Mechanisms for Environmentally Sustainable Urban Mobility Systems
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 8. The Economics and Financing of Urban Mobility
• The Economic and Financial Challenges of Urban Mobility
• The global dominance of private motorized transport
• Economic characteristics by mode and context
• Non-motorized transport
• Public transport
• Informal motorized transport
• Private motorized transport
• Economic Value of the Transport Sector
• From Economics of Mobility towards Economics of Access
• What has time saving got to do with it?
• Measuring the value of access
• Urban mobility is both a private and a public good
• Road pricing is necessary but normally not sufficient to improve urban accessibility
• The private car versus public transport: Markets and modal choices
• The Perennial Financial Problem: Costs Exceed Revenues
• User charges are never sufficient to finance public transport
• The high private cost of transport
• Good quality urban transport: The system is the solution
• Expanding the Financial Options for Public and Non-Motorized Transport
• General revenue models
• Other allocations of public funds
• Value-capture models
• Other public–private partnerships
• Combination models
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 9. Institutions and Governance for Urban Mobility
• Understanding Institutional and Governance Frameworks for Urban Mobility
• Conditions and Trends
• Developed countries
• Countries with economies in transition
• Developing countries
• Africa
• Latin America and the Caribbean
• Western Asia
• South Asia
• South-Eastern Asia
• Eastern Asia
• Challenges and Underlying Influences
• Adaptation challenges
• Administrative and governance challenges
• Mobility policy, plan-making, management and regulatory challenges
• Resourcing and capacity-building challenges
• Policy Responses and Innovative and ‘Successful’ Practices
• Integrated urban land-use and mobility planning
• Privatization, decentralization and centralization
• Addressing urban boundary complications
• Mobility policy, plan-making and management
• Mainstreaming environmental concerns
• Mainstreaming mobility needs of the socially and economically disadvantaged
• Addressing freight movement needs
• Public transport planning and service delivery
• Multi-modal integration
• Sustainable funding
• Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy
• Notes
• Chapter 10. Toward Sustainable Urban Mobility
• Policies and Practices for Reframing Urban Mobility
• Holistic and systemic thinking and action
• Transport as a means, not an end
• Accessibility as a priority rather than transport
• Policy and Operational Entry Points
• Enhancing the linkage between land use and transport
• Revitalizing urban planning and transport engineering designs
• Realigning transport infrastructure investment and development
• Integrating urban transport facilities and service operations
• Streamlining urban institutions and governance frameworks
• Readjusting legal and regulatory instruments
• Concluding Remarks
• Notes
• Statistical Annex
• Technical Notes
• Explanation of Symbols
• Country Groupings and Statistical Aggregates
• World major groupings
• Sub-regional aggregates
• Africa
• Asia
• Europe
• Latin America and the Caribbean
• Northern America
• Oceania
• Nomenclature and Order of Presentation
• Definition of Terms
• Sources of Data
• Notes
• Data Tables
• Regional Aggregates
• A.1 Total population size, rate of change and population density
• A.2 Urban and rural population size and rate of change
• A.3 Urbanization and urban slum dwellers
• A.4 Number of urban households, rate of change and mean household size
• A.5 Urban agglomerations
• Country-Level Data
• B.1 Total population size, rate of change and population density
• B.2 Urban and rural population size and rate of change
• B.3 Urbanization and urban slum dwellers
• B.4 Number of urban households, rate of change and mean household size
• B.5 Access to drinking water and sanitation
• B.6 Poverty and inequality
• B.7 Transport infrastructure
• B.8 Road motor vehicles and fuel prices
• B.9 Road traffic accidents
• City-Level Data
• C.1 Urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more: Population size and rate of change
• C.2 Population of capital cities (2011)
• C.3 Access to services in selected cities
• References
• Index
