223Sources in TranslationFew topics in medieval history are more accessible to English-speaking stu-dents than the crusades. This is in no small measure due to the Crusade Texts in Translation Series published by Ashgate. Below is a select list of important sources in translation useful for further research.SOURCE ANTHOLOGIESAllen, S. J., and Emilie Amt. The Crusades: A Reader. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.Brundage, James A. The Crusades: A Documentary Survey. Milwaukee: Marquette Uni-versity Press, 1962.Gabrieli, Francesco. Arab Historians of the Crusades. New York: Routledge, 1969.Pernoud, Régine. The Crusades. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1963.Peters, Edward, Jessalynn Bird, and James M. Powell. Crusade and Christendom: An-notated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187–1291. Phila-delphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.Pringle, Denys. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291. Aldershot: Ash-gate, 2012.Riley-Smith, Louise, and Jonathan Riley-Smith. The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274. London: Edward Arnold, 1981.THE FIRST CRUSADEAlbert of Aachen’s History of the Journey to Jerusalem. Translated by Susan B. Edgington. 2 vols. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2013.13_158_Madden.indb 22313_158_Madden.indb 223 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
224 Sources in TranslationThe Chanson d’Antioche: An Old French Account of the First Crusade. Translated by Susan B. Edgington. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011.Comnena, Anna. The Alexiad. Translated by E. R. A. Sewter. New York: Penguin, 2009.Eidelberg, Shlomo. The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.Fulcher of Chartres. A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127. Translated by Frances Rita Ryan, edited by Harold S. Fink. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969.Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum. Translated and edited by Rosalind Hill. London: T. Nelson, 1962.Guibert of Nogent. The Deeds of God through the Franks. Translated and edited by Robert Levine. Rochester: Boydell, 1997.Krey, August C. The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye Witnesses and Participants. Prince-ton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1921.Peters, Edward, ed. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.Ralph of Caen. The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen. Translated by Bernard S. Bachrach and David Steward Bachrach. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.Raymond of Aguilers. Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem. Translated by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1968.Robert the Monk. Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade. Translated by Carol Sweetenham. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.Tudebode, Peter. Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere. Translated by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1974.THE CRUSADER STATESAn Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn Munqidh. Translated by Philip K. Hitti. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.Barber, Malcolm, ed. and trans. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims, and Settlers in the Twelfth to Thirteenth Centuries. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010.Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre. Translated by Janet Shirley. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999.Philip of Novara. Le livre de forme de plait. Edited and translated by Peter W. Edbury. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, 2009.The Templar of Tyre: The Deeds of the Cypriots. Translated by Paul Crawford. Brook-field, VT: Ashgate, 2001.Walter the Chancellor. Walter the Chancellor’s “Antiochene Wars.” Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999.William of Tyre. History of Deeds Done beyond the Sea. Translated by Emily Babcock and A. C. Krey. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1943.13_158_Madden.indb 22413_158_Madden.indb 224 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
Sources in Translation 225THE SECOND CRUSADEThe Chronicle of the Slavs. Translated by Joseph Tschan. New York: Columbia Uni-versity Press, 1935.De expugnatione Lyxbonensi (The Conquest of Lisbon). Translated by Charles Wendell David. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.Odo of Deuil. De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem. Translated and edited by Virginia Gingerick Berry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.THE THIRD CRUSADEAmbroise. The Crusade of Richard Lion-heart. Translated by Merton Jerome Hubert and John L. La Monte. New York: Columbia University Press, 1941.Archer, Thomas A., ed. The Crusade of Richard I, 1189–92. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889.Din, Beha ad-. The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin. Translated by Donald Rich-ards. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 2001.Edbury, Peter W., ed. and trans. The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.THE FOURTH CRUSADEAndrea, Alfred J., ed. Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade. Leiden: Brill, 2000.Choniates, Nicetas. O City of Byzantium. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984.The Deeds of Pope Innocent III. Translated by James M. Powell. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2004.Geoffrey of Villehardouin. The Conquest of Constantinople. Translated by Caroline Smith. New York: Penguin, 2009.Gunther of Pairis. The Capture of Constantinople: The “Hystoria Constantinopolitana” of Gunther of Pairis. Translated and edited by Alfred J. Andrea. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.Robert of Clari. The Conquest of Constantinople. Translated by Edgar Holmes McNeal. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.THE LATIN EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLECrusaders as Conquerors: The Chronicle of Morea. Translated by Harold E. Lurier. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.13_158_Madden.indb 22513_158_Madden.indb 225 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
226 Sources in TranslationTHE RECONQUISTAThe Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon. Translated by Damian J. Smith and Helena Buffery. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010.The Song of the Cid. Translated by Burton Raffel. New York: Penguin, 2009.THE ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADEGuillaume de Tudèle. The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade. Translated and edited by Janet Shirley. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1996.Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay. The History of the Albigensian Crusade. Rochester, NY: Boydell, 1998.Peters, Edward, ed. Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229. Philadelphia: Uni-versity of Pennsylvania Press, 1971.NORTHERN CRUSADESNicolaus von Jeroschin. The Chronicle of Prussia. Translated by Mary Fischer. Alder-shot: Ashgate, 2010.THE FIFTH CRUSADEPeters, Edward, ed. Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229. Philadelphia: Uni-versity of Pennsylvania Press, 1971.THE CRUSADE OF FREDERICK IIThe Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa. Translated by Graham A. Loud. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010.Peters, Edward, ed. Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229. Philadelphia: Uni-versity of Pennsylvania Press, 1971.Philip of Novara. The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus. Trans-lated by John L. La Monte and Merton Jerome Hubert. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.13_158_Madden.indb 22613_158_Madden.indb 226 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
Sources in Translation 227THE CRUSADES OF ST. LOUISCrusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre. Translated by Janet Shirley. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999.Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia, ed. and trans. Blessed Louis, the Most Glorious of Kings: Texts Relating to the Cult of Saint Louis of France. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012.Jackson, Peter, ed. and trans. The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009.John of Joinville. The Life of St. Louis. Translated by Caroline Smith. New York: Penguin, 2009.LATER CRUSADESFudge, Thomas A., ed. and trans. The Crusade against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.Guillaume de Machaut. The Capture of Alexandria. Translated by Janet Shirley and Peter W. Edbury. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 2001.Housley, Norman, ed. and trans. Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580. New York: St. Martin’s, 1996.Imber, Colin, ed. and trans. The Crusade of Varna, 1443–45. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.Sanudo Torsello, Marino. The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross. Translated by Peter Lock. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011.MUSLIM SOURCESAn Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn Munqidh. Translated by Philip K. Hitti. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Translated by D. S. Richards. 3 vols. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010.Din, Beha ad-. The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin. Translated by Donald Rich-ards. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 2001.Furat, Ibn al-. Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders. Translated by U. Lyons and M. C. Lyons. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1971.Gabrieli, Francesco. Arab Historians of the Crusades. New York: Routledge, 1969.Ibn Munqidh, Usama. The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades. Translated by Paul M. Cobb. New York: Penguin, 2008.Qalanisi, Ibn al-. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Translated by H. A. R. Gibb. London: Luzac, 1932.13_158_Madden.indb 22713_158_Madden.indb 227 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
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229IndexAachen, 137Abbasids, 66‘Abd al-Rahman III (emir), 116Abode of Islam (Dar al-Islam), 3, 201, 202Abode of War (Dar al-Harb), 3Abu al-Fida, 175Acre, 30; assembly at, 58; attack on, 38; capture of, 40, 71, 76; crusades of Louis IX and, 164, 171; fall of crusader states and, 173–75; during Fifth Crusade, 138, 143; Frederick II and, 149, 152–53; Godfrey of Bouillon at, 38; independence of, 155; siege of, 80–81, 83–85; War of St. Sabas and, 166–67Adalia, 56, 178Adhemar of Le Puy, 22, 27, 29, 32al-Adil I (Ayyubid sultan), 138, 139, 147, 156Adrianople, 80, 180Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Protector of the Holy Sepulcher), 36Afghanistan, 204Agnes of Courtenay, 64, 70Albert of Aix, 18Albi, 119Albigensian Crusade (1208–29), 122–25; end of, 128–29; indulgences and, 122, 135, 137; Innocent III and, 121–22, 124–26, 133; Languedoc during, 118, 119–22, 124–29; Philip II Augustus during, 121, 122, 128, 130; Simon of Montfort during, 123–28Albigensian (Cathar) heresy, 117, 119–22Albigensianism, 119Aleppo, 25, 49, 58; attacks on, 41, 42, 57, 64, 67, 183; capture of, 166Alexander IV (pope) (1254–61), 169Alexandretta, 27Alexandria, 131, 160, 179; siege of, 65Alexius I Comnenus (Byzantine emperor) (1081–1118), 5; Council of Clermont and, 7; First Crusade and, 16–17, 19–23, 26–27, 29Alexius III Angelus (Byzantine emperor) (1195–1203), 99, 101–2, 104–5Alexius IV (Byzantine emperor) (1203–4), 105, 106–8, 109Alexius V Ducas Mourtzouphlus (Byzantine emperor) (1204), 108–12Alfonso I (king of Portugal), 55Alfonso VI (king of Castile-León), 116Alfonso VIII (king of Castile) (1158–1214), 117Algeria, 19813_158_Madden.indb 22913_158_Madden.indb 229 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
230 IndexAlice (sister of Philip II), 83Alice of Cyprus, 156Alleumes of Clari, 111Almohads, 117Almoravids, 116, 117Alphonse of Poitiers, 159, 164, 169Amalric (brother of Henry of Cyprus), 174Amalric (king of Jerusalem) (1163–74), 70; death of, 67; in Egypt, 64–66Amalric of Montfort, 128anarchism, 120ancient Romans (auctoritas), 163Ancona, 186, 189al-Andalus, 116–17Andrew (saint), 27Andrew II (king of Hungary), 131, 137–38Andronicus I Comnenus (Byzantine emperor) (1183–85), 69Ankara, 183Antioch, 76; Baldwin II as regent of, 41; First Crusade and, 23–30; Godfrey of Bouillon at, 24, 30; Manuel I Comnenus in, 63–64; massacre in, 168; Raymond IV of Toulouse at, 24–30; Second Crusade and, 55–57Antioch, Principality of, 174Apulia, 40Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem), 46, 68, 76, 151Arabs, 2–3, 8Aragon, 117, 120Arles, 121, 126Armenia, 5, 24, 80, 143Armstrong, Karen, 200Arsuf, 40, 86–87Asbridge, Thomas, 201Ascalon, 49; attacks on, 87–88, 90; battle at, 36; capture of, 61–62, 76; recovery of, 156al-Ashraf (Ayyubid ruler in Mesopotamia): at Damascus, 150, 152, 156; during Fifth Crusade, 138, 140, 144, 147; panegyric to, 175al-Ashraf Khalil (Mamluk sultan of Egypt), 174Ashur, Said, 203Asia Minor, 4–5, 8Assassins, 68, 89, 96auctoritas (ancient Romans), 163Audita tremendi (papal bull), 77Augustine (saint), 2, 9Avignon, 128, 176, 181’Ayn Jalut, Battle of, 166Ayyubid Dynasty, 138, 157Aztecs, 209Baghdad, 66, 183; Mongols in, 166Baha ad-Din, 68–69, 86Baisan, 71, 72, 74Balak of Aleppo, 41, 42Baldwin I (king of Jerusalem) (1100–18): as Baldwin of Boulogne, 19, 24–26; crowning of, 37; death of, 41; in Egypt, 40; Tripoli and, 40Baldwin I (Latin emperor of Constantinople) (1204–1205), 95, 101, 113Baldwin II (king of Jerusalem) (1118–31): as Baldwin of Bourcq, 37, 39–40, 41; death of, 42; military orders and, 46; as regent of Antioch, 41; on succession of crown, 48Baldwin III (king of Jerusalem) (1143–63), 49, 61–62, 63–64Baldwin IV (king of Jerusalem) (1174-85), 64; leprosy and, 67, 70; reign of, 70–71Baldwin of Boulogne. See Baldwin I (king of Jerusalem)Baldwin of Bourcq. See Baldwin IIBaldwin of Flanders. See Baldwin I (Latin emperor of Constantinople)Baldwin V (king of Jerusalem) (1185–86), 71Balearic Islands, 116, 117Balian of Ibelin, 76Baltic crusades, 131–32, 177Barraclough, Geoffrey, 20013_158_Madden.indb 23013_158_Madden.indb 230 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
Index 231battles: at Ascalon, 36; Battle of ’Ayn Jalut, 166; Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 117, 124, 125; Battle of Lepanto, 193, 194; Battle of Manzikert, 5; Battle of Mohács, 191–92; Battle of Muret, 125; Battle of Tours, 4; at Field of Blood, 41; at Horns of Hattin, 74–77, 142, 202; of Myriocephalum, 69Bayazid I (Ottoman sultan) (1389–1402), 182–83Baybars (Mamluk sultan of Egypt), 166–69, 171–72, 173, 202Béarn, 124, 125Beaucaire, 126Beirut, 30, 40, 71, 175Beit Nuba, 88, 89Bela III (king of Hungary) (1173–96), 137Belgrade, 186, 191Believers, 119Berengaria of Navarre, 83, 84Bernard of Clairvaux, 46, 52–54, 59, 63Bertrand of Tripoli, 40Bethlehem, 31, 150; Church of the Nativity in, 37beyond the sea (Outremer), 42, 58, 101Béziers, 122–23Bilbeis, 64, 66Bin Laden, Osama, 203–4Black Death, 181Blanche of Castile, 128, 157, 162Bodrum, 177Bohemia, 183Bohemond II of Antioch, 37, 38–40, 42Bohemond IV of Antioch, 138–39Bohemond of Taranto: at Antioch, 24–26, 28–30; at Constantinople, 21–23Bohemond VI of Antioch, 168Boniface (marquis of Montferrat), 96, 100–101, 102, 104, 108, 109–10, 112Boniface VIII (pope) (1294–1303), 176The Book of the Holy War (al-Sulami), 43–44Bourges, Council of (1225), 128Brant, Sebastian, 187–88Brindisi, 136, 148, 189Brothers of the Sword, Order of the, 132Buda, 181Bulgaria, 16, 180, 182Byzantine Empire, 3–5; last years of, 183–84. See also specific emperorsCaesarea, 40, 164Cagliari, 170Cairo, 65, 66, 139, 143; crusades of Louis IX and, 161caliphs, 3Calixtus II (pope) (1119–24), 41Calixtus III (pope) (1455–58), 186camp followers, 132cannibalism, 25Carcassonne, 123, 128Carthage, 170, 171Catharism, 119–21, 125, 129; consolamentum ritual, 119Cathedral of St. Peter, 27, 29Catholic church, 192–93chansons de geste, 82Charlemagne (768–814), 115Charles I (king of Spain and the Netherlands) (1516–56), 188, 189. See also Charles VCharles Martel, 4Charles of Anjou (king of Sicily and Jerusalem), 164, 169–71, 173Charles V (German emperor) (1519–58), 191, 192Charles VI (king of France) (1380–1422), 181Château Narbonnais, 127Chateau Pèlerin, 175Children’s Crusade (1212), 129–31, 133chivalry, 181, 185; new, 46, 52churches: Catholic church, 192–93; Church of the Nativity, 37; Hagia Sophia, 6, 108, 112, 113, 186; of St. Gilles, 122; Templar Church of the True Cross, 47, 4713_158_Madden.indb 23113_158_Madden.indb 231 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
232 IndexChurch of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem), 76; burning of, 157; churches modeled on, 47; coronation of Frederick II at, 147, 151, 152Cilicia, 24, 39, 42Clement III (pope) (1187–91), 81Clement IV (pope) (1265–68), 169Clement V (pope) (1305–14), 176Clermont, Council of (1095), 7–9, 22Cloyes, 130Colman (king of Hungary), 19Cologne, 18colonialism, 199, 202–3Comminges, 124, 125conquistadors, in New World, 209Conrad (son of Frederick II), 149, 156, 169Conrad III (German emperor) (1138–52), 52, 54–58Conrad of Mazovia (Polish duke), 131Conrad of Montferrat, 76–77; death of, 89, 94, 96; during Third Crusade, 80–81, 84, 85–89consolamentum (Cathar ritual), 119Constance of Antioch, 42, 48, 63Constance of Sicily, 83, 137Constantine I (Roman emperor) (306–337), 1–2Constantinople, 5; anti-Latinism in, 69; Bayazid I at, 182; Bohemond of Taranto at, 21–23; crusades of Louis IX and, 167, 168–69; fall of, 186; First Crusade and, 16–17, 19–23; food production for, 4; during Fourth Crusade, 101–2, 103, 104–14, 208; Godfrey of Bouillon at, 19–21; Hagia Sophia in, 6, 108, 112, 113, 186; land walls of, 20, 21, 184; Latin Empire of, 113, 158, 168; liberation of, 7; Raymond IV of Toulouse at, 22–23; relics in, 106, 112; sack of, 112–14, 180, 208; sea walls of, 104, 105, 110; Second Crusade and, 55–56, 58; surrender of, 189; William of Tyre in, 65Cordova, 116, 117Corfu, 42, 101–2Cos, 177Council of Bourges (1225), 128Council of Clermont (1095), 7–9, 22Council of Florence (1437), 184Council of Lavaur, 124crossing, 9Crusade of Nicopolis, 181–82Crusade of Varna, 185crusaders: motivations of, 11–13; poor, 10, 11, 16; vow of, 9–10, 122, 133, 140crusades: of 1100–1101, 37–39; command in, 10, 22–23, 140, 143; cost of, 12; Crusade of 1101, 38; in Europe, 115; fall of crusader states, 173–76; in fifteenth century, 185–88; in fourteenth century, 177–78; goals of, 207–8; judgments of, 207; legacy of, 197–205; long-term effects of, 208; Muslim response to, 43–46; passagium generale, 177; passagium particulare, 178; pilgrimage and, 9–10; as term, 1, 115, 199, 201. See also specific crusadesCrusades of St. Louis. See Louis IX, St.The Crusades (Asbridge), 201The Crusades (BBC/A&E documentary), 200The Crusade through Arab Eyes (Maalouf), 204Cumans, 131Cyprus, 63, 149; crusades of Louis IX and, 158, 160; John of Ibelin in, 155; kingdom of, 178–79; Third Crusade and, 84–85Daimbert (archbishop of Pisa), 37Damascus, 25, 30; al-Ashraf (Ayyubid ruler) at, 150, 152, 156; attacks on, 48–49; capture of, 58, 62, 67, 183; crusades of Louis IX and, 156–57, 166; fall of, 150; Jerusalem alliance with, 49, 58; tomb of Saladin in, 20213_158_Madden.indb 23213_158_Madden.indb 232 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
Index 233Damietta: attack on, 66–67; crusades of Louis IX and, 158–62; loss of, 144–45, 158; siege of, 139–43, 158–60Dandolo, Enrico (doge of Venice) (1192–1205), 95, 97, 98–100, 104, 109–10, 113Dandolo, Ranier (vice-doge of Venice), 99Danishmends, 37Dar al-‘adl (House of Justice), 62Dar al-Harb (Abode of War), 3Dar al-Islam (Abode of Islam), 3, 201, 202Dartmouth, 55desertions, 26, 28Devol, Treaty of, 39Diego of Osma (bishop), 121Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem), 151Dominic (saint), 121Dominicans, 129, 170Dorylaeum, 56Durazzo, 21, 22, 39, 189Ecry-sur-Aisne, 94Edessa, 24–25, 26; attacks against, 41; County of, 24, 37, 41; fall of, 50; recapture of, 57, 58Edward I (king of England) (1272–1307), 170, 171–72Egnatia, 21Egypt: Amalric (king of Jerusalem) in, 64–66; Baldwin I in, 40; conquest of, 3, 156, 176, 179; during Fifth Crusade, 138–41, 143–45; First Crusade and, 30–31; during Fourth Crusade, 95–96, 99; as goal, 64–66, 178; Hospitallers and, 65, 66; Knights Templar and, 65; Louis IX in, 158–63, 159, 170–72; Nur ed-Din and, 64–66; raiding by, 61; Reynald of Châtillon in, 72; Saladin and, 66–67Elbe River, 54El Cid, 116Eleanor of Aquitaine (queen of France and England), 53, 56–58, 83, 132Emeric I (king of Hungary) (1196–1204), 98, 137Emicho of Leiningen, 18, 19Enlightenment, 198Ephesus, 56Eschiva of Tripoli, 74Eugenius III (pope) (1145–53), 52, 53, 54Eugenius IV (pope) (1431–47), 184, 185Eustace of Boulogne, 41excommunication, 100–101, 121, 124–25, 128; of Frederick II, 148–49, 152, 158Fakhr-ad-Din (Egyptian emir), 147, 160, 161Famagusta, 178Fatimids: attack on, 65; First Crusade and, 25, 30, 31Ferdinand III (king of Castile), 117feudalism, 9, 10, 107Field of Blood (1119), 41Fifth Crusade (1218–21), 131, 135–46; Acre during, 138, 143; al-Ashraf (Ayyubid ruler) during, 138, 140, 144, 147; Egypt during, 138–41, 143–45; failures of, 158–60; Frederick II during, 137, 139–40, 143–44, 146–47; Honorius III during, 137, 146; Innocent III and, 126, 135–38; Jerusalem and, 137, 141–43, 146; loss of Damietta during, 144–45, 158; map of, 134; siege of Damietta during, 139–43, 158–60; stalling of, 143–44First Crusade (1095–99), 15–32; Alexius I Comnenus and, 16–17, 19–23, 26–27, 29; Antioch and, 23–30; Constantinople and, 16–17, 19–23; Council of Clermont and, 7; Egypt and, 30–31; Fatimids and, 25, 30, 31; first wave of, 16; Jaffa and, 31; Jerusalem and, 30–32; Jews and, 18–19; map of, 14; Near East after, 34; number of crusaders in, 11; People’s 13_158_Madden.indb 23313_158_Madden.indb 233 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
234 IndexCrusade, 15–18; Riley-Smith on, 16, 23, 38; second wave of, 23; stories about, 36–37, 50; third wave of, 38; Urban II and, 7–8, 15, 29, 35, 116First Lateran Council (1123), 116Florence, Council of (1437), 184Foix, 124, 125Fourth Crusade (1201–1204), 93–114, 160; Constantinople during, 101–2, 103, 104–14, 208; Egypt during, 95–96, 99; Innocent III and, 93–94, 95, 98, 100–101, 102, 106, 113, 133; Isaac II Angelus during, 105, 108; map of, 92; Simon of Montfort during, 99–100; treaty of Venice and, 94–98; Venice during, 98–101; Zara during, 98–101, 123, 137Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 125–26, 136, 137Francis I (king of France) (1515–47), 188–89, 191Francis of Assisi (saint), 141–42Franks, 30Frederick I Barbarossa (German emperor) (1152–90), 199; Third Crusade during, 77, 79–80, 98Frederick II (German emperor) (1212–50), 131; Acre and, 149, 152–53; coronation of, 143, 147, 151, 152; crusade of, 146–53, 155; diplomatic successes of, 160; excommunication of, 148–49, 152, 158; during Fifth Crusade, 137, 139–40, 143–44, 146–47; Jaffa and, 150; power of, 156Frederick of Swabia, 79, 81Fulcher of Chartres, 24, 25, 44–45Fulk (king of Jerusalem) (1131–43), 48–49Fulk of Anjou, 48Fulk of Neuilly, 94, 97Galata, 105, 106Galilee, 156, 167Gallipoli, 180Gate of the Column, 32Genoa, 83, 131; crusades of Louis IX and, 158, 166–67, 170Geoffrey of Villehardouin, 95, 97, 102, 104Gerald (patriarch of Jerusalem), 149, 151, 152Gerard of Ridfort, 74Gibbon, Edward, 208Godfrey of Bouillon, 199; at Acre, 38; at Antioch, 24, 30; at Constantinople, 19–21; death of, 37; in Jerusalem, 32, 36; as Protector of the Holy Sepulcher, 36; stories about, 50, 52, 55God’s War (Tyerman), 201Golden Horn, 106, 110Gormund (patriarch of Jerusalem), 46Gouraud, Henri, 199Granada, 117Great Schism (1378–1417), 181, 183, 184, 185Great Seal of England, 84Greek fire, 160Gregory IX (pope) (1227–41), 132, 133, 148–49, 152, 155Gregory VII (pope) (1073–85), 5–7Gregory VIII (pope) (1187), 77Guillaume le Breton, 125Guy (brother of Simon of Montfort), 126Guy (king of Jerusalem) (1186–90): as Guy of Lusignan, 70–72; at Horns of Hattin, 74–75; during Third Crusade, 80–81, 85, 88Guy of Lusignan. See Guy (king of Jerusalem)Guy of Vaux-de-Cernay, 100Hagia Sophia (Constantinople), 6, 108, 112, 113, 186Haifa, 30; capture of, 38Hama, 49harb al-salib (term for crusades), 201Hattin, Battle of (1187), 74–77, 142, 202Henry II (king of England) (1154–89), 77, 80, 8213_158_Madden.indb 23413_158_Madden.indb 234 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
Index 235Henry III (king of England) (1216–72), 158, 169, 170Henry IV (German king) (1056–1106), 7, 19Henry of Champagne (lord of kingdom of Jerusalem), 89, 94Henry of Cyprus, 173–74Henry VI (German king) (1169–97), 83, 137Henry VIII (king of England) (1491–1547), 188–89, 191Heraclius (patriarch of Jerusalem), 72heresy, Albigensian (Cathar), 117, 119–22Hermann von Salza (1210–39), 131Hillenbrand, Carole, 138Histoire des croisades (Michaud), 198Historia Damiatina (Oliver of Paderborn), 136History of the Crusades (Ashur), 203History of the Crusades (Runciman), 200Hohenstaufen dynasty, 155–56, 163, 169Holy Lance, 27–28, 32Holy Leagues, 193–94holy poor, 47, 195holy poverty, 129Holy Roman Empire, 7, 147Holy Sepulcher (tomb of Christ), 9–10, 31holy sites, pilgrimages to, 8, 90holy war: Christianity and, 1–4; pilgrimages compared to, 9. See also crusades; jihad; just war theoryHoly War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today’s World (Armstrong), 200Homs, 49Honorius III (pope) (1216–27), 127, 147; death of, 148; during Fifth Crusade, 137, 146Horns of Hattin (battle), 74–77, 142, 202horses, 25, 113Hospitallers. See Knights of the Hospital of St. JohnHospital of St. John, 47–48, 76Hospital of St. Mary, 81House of Justice (Dar al-‘adl), 62Hugh I (king of Cyprus), 138Hugh of Burgundy, 86, 88, 89, 161Hugh of Caesarea, 65Hugh of Cyprus, 173Hugh of Payns, 46Hugh of Saint Pol, 101Hugh of Vermandois, 19–20Humbert of Silva Candida, 6Humphrey of Toron, 81Hundred Years War, 185Hungary, 16, 19, 137, 139Hunyadi, John (ruler of Transylvania), 185, 186Hussein, Saddam, 203Hussites, 183Ibn al-Athir, 43, 138Ibn al-Qalanisi, 28Iconium, 80Ifranj, 43Imad al-Din, 75imams, 3imperialism, 199, 203indulgences, 116, 133, 136; Albigensian Crusade and, 122, 135, 137Innocent III (pope) (1198–1216), 117, 132; Albigensian Crusade and, 121–22, 124–26, 133; death of, 137; Fifth Crusade and, 126, 135–38; Fourth Crusade and, 93–94, 95, 98, 100–101, 102, 106, 113, 133; on sack of Constantinople, 113Innocent IV (pope) (1243–54), 158, 165Investiture Controversy (1075–1122), 7, 41Isaac Comnenus, 84Isaac II Angelus (Byzantine emperor) (1185–95), 76; during Fourth Crusade, 105, 108; during Third Crusade, 79–80Isabella I (queen of Castile), 117Isabella I (queen of Jerusalem), 71, 81, 8413_158_Madden.indb 23513_158_Madden.indb 235 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
236 IndexIsabella II (queen of Jerusalem), 147, 149Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, 48Islam: Christianity and, 2–4; conversion to, 17; expansion of, 3–4. See also MuslimsIslamists, 202–5Israel, state of, 203Jaffa, 46; blockade of, 42; crusades of Louis IX and, 164; First Crusade and, 31; Frederick II and, 150; during Third Crusade, 87, 88James I (king of Aragon) (1213–76), 117, 169James the Greater (saint), 4al-Jawzi, Sibt ibn, 141, 152Al Jazeera, 204Jerusalem (city), 70; alliance with Damascus, 49, 58; Aqsa Mosque in, 46, 68, 76, 151; Church of the Holy Sepulcher in, 47, 76, 147, 151, 152, 157; conquest of, 67–68, 149–53, 207; Dome of the Rock in, 151; fall of, 67; Fifth Crusade and, 137, 141–43, 146; First Crusade and, 30–32; as goal, 8, 9, 25, 43, 93; Godfrey of Bouillon in, 32, 36; Holy Sepulcher (tomb of Christ), 9–10, 31; Mount of Olives in, 32; Muslims in, 156; pilgrimages to, 5, 10, 46–47; poisoning of wells around, 31, 89; Raymond IV of Toulouse in, 32, 36; Saladin in, 76, 113, 203; as seat of Christian kingdom, 52; Second Crusade and, 57–58; Temple of Solomon in, 46; Third Crusade and, 77, 87–91; Tower of David in, 36Jerusalem, kingdom of: birth of, 35–37; divided allegiance of, 173; factionalism of, 71–72; large size of, 156; Louis IX in, 163–64; power and prestige of, 65, 76Jews: First Crusade and, 18–19; Second Crusade and, 53; wealth confiscated from, 176jihad, 2–3, 43; Almoravids and, 116; Bin Laden and, 203–4; Nur ed-Din and, 62–63, 67–68; Saladin and, 68–69, 74; Zengi and, 50Joan (sister of Richard I), 83, 84, 87John (brother of Richard I), 82, 88John Cantacuzenus, 180John II Comnenus (Byzantine emperor) (1118–43), 41–42, 49John of Brienne (king of Jerusalem), 138, 140–45, 146, 147, 149, 152John of England, 121, 122John of Ibelin, 155John of Joinville, 169John of Nevers, 171John VIII (Byzantine emperor) (1421–48), 184Jones, Terry, 200Jordan, William Chester, 164Jordan River, 31, 36Joscelin III of Courtenay (count of Edessa), 70, 71Joscelin II of Courtenay (count of Edessa), 57Joscelin I of Courtenay (count of Edessa), 41, 42, 50just war theory, 9Kalavun (emir), 173–74Kamil (son of Shawar), 65al-Kamil (Ayyubid sultan of Egypt), 138–45, 147, 149–51, 153, 156Karakorum, 166Kerak, 141Kerbogha (atabeg of Mosul), 25–28Khorezmians, 156–57Kilij Arslan I (Turkish sultan), 23–24Kilij Arslan II (Turkish sultan), 69, 80Kingdom of Heaven, 201kingdoms (taifas), 116Kitbogha (Mongol general), 166knights: of chansons de geste, 82; sacrifices of, 12Knights of Malta, 194Knights of Rhodes, 177, 19413_158_Madden.indb 23613_158_Madden.indb 236 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
Index 237Knights of the Hospital of St. John (Hospitallers), 47–48, 49, 151; Egypt and, 65, 66; fall of crusader states and, 174; fate of, 194–95; Krak des Chevaliers and, 49, 172; massacre of, 75; during siege of Damietta, 141; strategies of, 163, 166, 167; during Third Crusade, 86, 88Knights Templar, 45, 46–47, 151; arrest and torture of, 176–77; Egypt and, 65; fall of crusader states and, 174, 175; massacre of, 74, 75; during siege of Damietta, 141; strategies of, 163, 166, 167; during Third Crusade, 88Koran, 2, 3, 202Krak des Chevaliers, 49, 172Krak des Montreal, 141Kutuz (Mamluk sultan), 166Ladislas (king of Hungary), 185land ownership, 12, 20, 35, 125Languedoc, 118, 119–22, 124–29Laodicea, 57Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of, 117, 124, 125Latakia, 174Latin Empire of Constantinople, 113, 158, 168Lavaur, Council of, 124League of Nations, 199Leopold V (duke of Austria), 85Leopold VI (duke of Austria), 137–38, 141Leo X (pope) (1513–21), 188–89, 191–93Lepanto, Battle of (1571), 193, 194leprosy, 67, 70Lérida, 117Lido, 97Lisbon, 55, 117Lithuania, 177, 194Livonia, 132Lombard League, 69Lombardy, 38, 131London, Treaty of (1518), 191Louis (count of Blois), 94–95, 101Louis (duke of Bavaria), 143–44, 147Louis IX, St. (king of France) (1226–70), 128; character of, 157; crusades of, 154, 155–72, 198; death of, 171; in Egypt, 158–63, 159, 170–72; first crusade of, 157–64; in kingdom of Jerusalem, 163–64; second crusade of, 168–72, 181Louis VII (king of France) (1137–80), 52–53, 55–59Louis VIII (king of France) (1223–26), 128, 148, 157lunar eclipse, 31Luther, Martin, 192–93Maalouf, Amin, 204Mahdia, 181Mainz, 18Mallorca, 117Malta, 194Mamluks, 161–63, 164, 166, 167–68, 173Manfred (king of Sicily), 169Mansurah, 143–44, 146; crusades of Louis IX and, 159–61Mantua, 186Manuel I (king of Portugal) (1495–1521), 188, 189Manuel I Comnenus (Byzantine emperor) (1143–80): in Antioch, 63–64; Damietta attack by, 66–67; Second Crusade and, 55–56, 58Manuel II Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor) (1391–1425), 183–84Manzikert, Battle of (1071), 5Maria Comnena, 65Maria of Montferrat, 147Marie of Flanders, 95, 132Marseilles, 83, 131, 158, 170Marxism, 120, 199Maximilian I (German emperor) (1486–1519): crusade plan of, 188–89, 190; death of, 191Mecca, 2, 45, 67; pilgrimage to, 6213_158_Madden.indb 23713_158_Madden.indb 237 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
238 IndexMedina, 2, 67Mehmed II (Ottoman sultan) (1451–81), 186–87Melisende of Jerusalem, 48–49, 50, 61Messina, 83, 136Michael VIII Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor) (1261–82), 167Michaud, Joseph François, 198Michiel, Vitale I (doge of Venice) (1096–1101), 38military orders, 46–48; Baldwin II and, 46; fate of, 194–95; transformation of, 176–77. See also specific military ordersminbar (pulpit), 67–68, 76, 91n1miracles, 16, 24, 136Mohács, Battle of, 191–92Mohammed, 2–3; Night Journey of, 67, 76monastic vows, 46Mongols, 164–66, 172monks, 10, 11, 47Montjoie (Mount of Joy), 31Morosini, Thomas (Latin patriarch of Constantinople), 113Mosul, 25, 42, 49, 57Mt. Tabor, 135, 138Mount of Joy (Montjoie), 31Mount of Olives (Jerusalem), 32Mount Pilgrim, 40Mourtzouphlus. See Alexius V Ducas Mourtzouphlusal-Mu’azzam (ruler of Syria and Palestine), 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150Muhammad I (emir of Tunis), 170–71mujahid (jihad warrior), 50Murad II (Ottoman sultan) (1421–51), 184, 185Muret, Battle of (1215), 125Muslims: crusades legacy in Middle East and, 201–5; in Jerusalem, 156; response to crusades, 43–46. See also Shi’ite Muslims; Sunni MuslimsMyriocephalum, battle of, 69Nablus, 45, 61, 71Napoleon, 194Napoleon III, 198–99nationalism, 198, 202–3, 205Nazareth, 74, 150; cathedral of, 167Near East: after conquests of Saladin, 73; after First Crusade, 34; after Second Crusade, 60Nestorianism, 164–65new chivalry, 46, 52New World, conquistadors in, 209New York Review of Books, 200Nicaea, 17, 23, 55–56, 113–14, 180Nicetas Choniates, 113Nicholas Canabus, 108Nicholas from Cologne, 130–31Nicholas V (pope) (1447–55), 186Nicomedia, 38Nicopolis, Crusade of, 181–82Night Journey of Mohammed, 67, 76Nile River: delta, 40, 139, 160; during siege of Damietta, 139–40, 159; temptation to expand lands of, 62Ninety-Five Theses (Luther), 192Nish, 185nobility, piety and, 12Normans, 5, 21, 67Novi Pazar, 189Nur ed-Din (son of and successor to Zengi), 57; capture of Damascus by, 58, 62; death of, 67; Egypt and, 64–66; jihad and, 62–63, 67–68; minbar of, 67–68, 76, 91n1; truce with Christians, 64Old Man of the Mountain, 89Oliver of Paderborn, 136, 137, 139, 142Order of the Brothers of the Sword, 132Orkhan, 180Osman, 18013_158_22_Idx.indd 23813_158_22_Idx.indd 238 8/14/13 2:28 PM8/14/13 2:28 PM
Index 239Otranto, 148, 187Ottoman Turks: conquests in Europe, 188–89, 191–94; demise of, 199, 209; in Italy, 186–87; rise of, 180–81Otto of Brunswick, 94, 137Outremer (beyond the sea), 42, 58, 101panegyric, 175papacy, 5–7. See also specific popespapal bulls: Audita tremendi, 77; authorizing crusade in Spain, 54; Quantum praedecessores, 52passagium generale (great crusade), 177passagium particulare (smaller crusade), 178Peace of God movement, 6Peace of Paris (1229), 129Pechenegs, 5Pelagius of Albano, 140–45, 147, 153penury, 18People of the Book, 3People’s Crusade (1095–96), 15–18, 129–30Pera, 106Perfects, 119, 120, 121Persia, 3Peter (saint): Christ’s admonition to, 117; Gregory VII as usurper of throne of, 7; soldiers of St. Peter, 8. See of St. Peter, 6Peter Bartholomew, 27Peter Capuano (papal legate), 94, 98–99Peter Desiderius, 31–32Peter I (king of Cyprus) (1359–69), 178–79Peter II (king of Aragon) (1196–1213), 117, 123–25Peter of Amiens, 111Peter of Castelnau, 121Peter the Hermit: desertion of, 26; People’s Crusade and, 15–18; sermon by, 32Philip II Augustus (king of France) (1180–1223), 93–94; during Albigensian Crusade, 121, 122, 128, 130; policies of, 157; during Third Crusade, 77, 80, 82–86, 88–90Philip III (king of France) (1270–85), 171Philip IV (king of France) (1285–1314), 176–77Philip of Swabia, 94, 99, 101Philomelion, 27piety, nobility and, 12pilgrimages: crusades and, 9–10; to Holy Sepulcher, 9–10, 31; to holy sites, 8, 90; holy war compared to, 9; to Jerusalem, 5, 10, 46–47; to Mecca, 62Pisa, 37–38Pius II (pope) (1458–64), 186plague, 29, 148poisoning of wells, 31, 89Poland, 177, 185, 194polytheism, 44Pons of Tripoli, 40poverty, 10; holy, 129; holy poor, 47, 195; poor crusaders, 10, 11, 16Powell, James M., 140Pozzuoli, 148Prester John, 165, 182prostitutes, 132Protector of the Holy Sepulcher (Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri), 36Protestant Reformation, 137, 188, 192–93, 194Provence, 125Prussians, 131–32pulpit (minbar), 67–68, 76, 91n1Punch magazine, 199Quantum praedecessores (papal bull), 52Quia maior (encyclical), 135, 136, 138Radulf (Cistercian monk), 53Raymond III of Tripoli, 70–72, 74Raymond IV of Toulouse: at Antioch, 24–30; at Constantinople, 22–23; in Jerusalem, 32, 36; at Nicomedia, 38; in Tripoli, 4013_158_Madden.indb 23913_158_Madden.indb 239 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
240 IndexRaymond of Poitiers (prince of Antioch), 48, 50, 57–58, 63Raymond Roger Trencavel, 122–23Raymond VII of Toulouse, 125–26, 128Raymond VI of Toulouse, 120–22, 124–28Reconquista, 4, 115–17, 208Reformation, Protestant, 137, 188, 192–93, 194Regensburg, 55, 79relics: in Constantinople, 106, 112; holiness of, 8; Holy Lance, 27–28, 32; processions of, 136religious warfare, 1Reston, James, Jr., 200Reynald of Châtillon, 63, 64, 70, 72, 75Rhodes, 177, 179, 187, 191, 194Richard II (king of England) (1377–99), 181Richard I the Lionheart (king of England) (1189–99), 70, 93, 199; character of, 82, 157; death of, 94; in Punch magazine, 199; strategy of, 95, 138; in The Talisman, 198, 202; during Third Crusade, 82–91, 98, 160, 175, 178Richard of Cornwall, 156, 157, 160Riley-Smith, Jonathan: on crusader motivations, 11; on First Crusade, 16, 23, 38; What Were the Crusades?, 201Robert Guiscard, 21Robert of Artois, 160, 161, 171Robert of Clari, 102, 111Robert of Courçon, 136Robert of Flanders, 30Robert the Monk, 8Roger Guiscard, 21Roger II of Sicily, 54–56Roger of Antioch, 40, 41Roger of San Severino, 173romanticism, 120, 198Romanus IV (Byzantine emperor) (1068–71), 5Rome, 99, 101, 181, 187al-Rum, 43Runciman, Steven, 200Russian Revolution, 199Safad, 167Sagrajas, 116Saif al-Din (brother of Saladin), 87St. Gilles: church of, 122; family of, 126, 127St. Mark (city), 65St. Sabas, War of, 166–67Saladin: in Baisan, 71, 74; death of, 91, 138; Egypt and, 66–67; in Jerusalem, 76, 113, 203; jihad and, 68–69, 74; memory of, 202–3; Near East after conquests of, 73; in Palestine, 141; Raymond III of Tripoli alliance with, 72, 74; rise of, 66–70; Third Crusade and, 79, 84–91, 198; tomb of, 202; True Cross and, 75, 85, 142Saladin Tithe (tax), 79, 82Saleph, River, 80as-Salih (Ayyubid sultan of Egypt), 156, 158–59Samarkand, 183Sancho VI (king of Navarre), 83San Germano, treaty of, 146–47Sansavoir, Walter, 16–17Santiago de Compostello (Spain), 4Saxons, 54Scott, Ridley, 201Scott, Walter, 198, 200Second Crusade (1146–48), 50, 52–59, 116–17; Antioch and, 55–57; Conrad III and, 52, 54–58; Constantinople and, 55–56, 58; Jerusalem and, 57–58; Jews and, 53; Louis VII and, 52–53, 55–59; Manuel I Comnenus and, 55–56, 58; map of, 51; Near East after, 60; original purpose of, 57, 58See of St. Peter, 6Selim I the Grim (Ottoman sultan) (1512–20), 188, 19113_158_Madden.indb 24013_158_Madden.indb 240 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
Index 241Seljuk Turks, 4–5, 8; attack on, 64; at battle of Myriocephalum, 69; defeat of, 180September 11, 2001, 1, 200, 204Serbia, 185Setton, Kenneth, 192Seville, 117Shafi’ bin ‘Ali, 168Shawar (vizier), 64–66Shi’ite Muslims, 3, 30; removal from power, 66The Ship of Fools (Brant), 187–88Shirkuh (Kurdish general), 64–66Sibylla (queen of Jerusalem), 64, 70, 71–72, 81Sicilian Vespers, 173Sicily, 83, 137, 169, 171Sidon, 30, 40; crusades of Louis IX and, 164; recovery of, 156; surrender of, 175Sigismund (king of Hungary) (1387–1437), 181–82Sigurd (king of Norway), 40Simon of Montfort: during Albigensian Crusade, 123–28; during Fourth Crusade, 99–100Sixtus IV (pope) (1471–84), 187slavery, 75, 76, 131Smyrna, 56Soissons, 95soldiers of St. Peter, 8Solomon, judgment of, 40Song of Roland, 116Spain: papal bull authorizing crusade in, 54; prohibitions for, 10; Reconquista and, 4, 115–17, 208; Santiago de Compostello in, 4; Templar Church of the True Cross in, 47, 47Spalato (Split), 137–38Speyer, 18Stephen of Blois, 27, 38Stephen of Cloyes, 130Suger of St. Denis (abbot and French royal counselor), 52, 58al-Sulami, 43–44Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–66), 191–92, 194Sunni Muslims, 3, 30; rule of, 66Tabor, Mt., 135, 138taifas (kingdoms), 116taking of the cross, 9Tala’i‘ b. Ruzzik (Fatimid vizier), 62The Talisman (Scott, W.), 198, 202Tamerlane. See TimurTancred (regent of Antioch and Edessa), 24, 37, 40Tancred of Lecce, 83Tarragona, 116Templar Church of the True Cross (Spain), 47, 47Templars. See Knights TemplarTemple Mount, 151Temple of Solomon (Jerusalem), 46terrorism, 204Teutonic Knights, 81–82, 152, 174; Baltic crusades and, 131–32, 177; fate of, 194–95Theodora (queen of Jerusalem), 63Thessalonica, 21, 58, 183, 184Thibaut (count of Champagne), 94–98, 156, 157; crusade of, 163; diplomatic successes of, 160Third Crusade (1188–92), 79–91; Conrad of Montferrat during, 80–81, 84, 85–89; Cyprus and, 84–85; Frederick I during, 77, 79–80, 98; German phase of, 79–80; Guy (king of Jerusalem) during, 80–81, 85, 88; Hospitallers during, 86, 88; Isaac II Angelus during, 79–80; Jaffa during, 87, 88; Jerusalem and, 77, 87–91; Knights Templar during, 88; map of, 78; Philip II Augustus during, 77, 80, 82–86, 88–90; Richard I during, 82–91, 98, 160, 175, 178; Saladin and, 79, 84–91, 198; Sicily during, 83Thoros (prince of Armenia), 24, 63Thrace, 180Tiberias, 71, 72, 74, 15613_158_Madden.indb 24113_158_Madden.indb 241 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
242 IndexTimur (Tamerlane), 182–83Tinnis, 143Toledo, 116Toron, 80Tortosa, 117, 175Toulouse, 120–22, 124–29Tours, Battle of (732), 4Tower of David (Jerusalem), 36Transjordan, 72, 141, 143Transoxania, 183Transylvania, 131treaties: of San Germano, 146–47; Treaty of Devol, 39; Treaty of London, 191; of Venice, 94–98Trencavel family, 122–23Trier, 18Tripoli (city), 40, 76, 77, 174Tripoli, County of, 40Truce of God, 6True Cross, 130; return of, 145; Saladin and, 75, 85, 142Tunis, 170, 172Turan-Shah (Ayyubid sultan of Egypt), 162, 163Turbessel, 50Turks. See Ottoman Turks; Seljuk TurksTyerman, Christopher, 201Tyre, 30, 80–81; conquest of, 42, 77, 167; refugees in, 76; surrender of, 175United States, 203–4Urban II (pope) (1088–99): at Council of Clermont, 7–8, 9, 22; First Crusade and, 7–8, 15, 29, 35, 116; on pilgrimage and crusade, 9–10Urban III (pope) (1185–87), 77Urban IV (pope) (1261–64), 169Usama, 45–46usury, 18, 136Valencia, 117Valletta, 194Varangian Guard, 102, 108, 111Varna, Crusade of, 185Venice: crusades of 1100–1101 and, 37–38; during Fourth Crusade, 98–101; treaty of, 94–98; Venetian Crusade of 1112, 41–42Vézelay, 83via Egnatia (old Roman road), 21, 189Vienna, 192, 193, 195Villehardouin. See Geoffrey of VillehardouinVirgin Mary, icon of, 109visions, 27, 31–32Voltaire, 198vows: of crusaders, 9–10, 122, 133, 140; monastic, 46War of St. Sabas, 166–67Warriors of God (Reston), 200Wendish Crusade, 54Wends, 54What Were the Crusades? (Riley-Smith), 201white man’s burden, 203Wilhelm II (kaiser of Germany), 202William (cousin of Raymond IV of Toulouse), 40William II of Sicily (king of Sicily), 67, 77, 83William IX (duke of Aquitaine), 48William Longsword (marquis of Montferrat), 70, 76, 96William of Tyre, 64, 65, 70Wolsey (lord chancellor of England and cardinal), 189, 191women, 10, 11, 16, 132–33; attitude toward, 45–46World War I, 199, 209Worms, 18Zara, 98–101, 123, 137Zengi (atabeg of Mosul), 42, 48–50, 5713_158_Madden.indb 24213_158_Madden.indb 242 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AMuploaded by [stormrg]
243About the AuthorThomas F. Madden is professor of medieval history and director of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Saint Louis University. A recognized expert on the crusades, he has appeared in such venues as National Public Radio, PBS, and the New York Times. His publications include Cru-sades: The Illustrated History, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice, and Venice: A New History.13_158_Madden.indb 24313_158_Madden.indb 243 8/13/13 5:47 AM8/13/13 5:47 AM
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