Chapter 18Ten (Plus One) Terrific Online ResourcesIn This Chapter䊳 Scanning online reference books䊳 Exploring databases and virtual toursNo matter how much you study or how many Latin and Greek roots you memorize,it’s inevitable that some aspects of anatomy and physiology will leave you dazed andconfused. But if you study within reach of an Internet connection, you don’t have to staythat way for long. Simply surf over to one of the 11 sites covered in this chapter and startentering search terms. As with anything Internet-related, however, you have to be cautiousabout the accuracy of what you find. Just keep our mantra in mind: “When in doubt, trustthe textbook.”Answers and More Answerswww.answers.comAdmittedly, this free Web site doesn’t focus on anatomy and physiology, but you won’t reallycare about that technicality after you’ve dived into it a few times. The site offers about 4 mil-lion “answers” based more on keyword searches than on any actual questions. Material isdrawn from scores of brand-name content publishers as well as Answers.com’s own editorialteam. Can’t quite figure out where an “anteroinferior” something is supposed to be? Forgotwhere Peyer’s patches are hiding? Not entirely sure what a gallbladder does? Answers.com’sfriendly little “Tell me about . . .” box at the top of the home page takes you straight to a Webpage that aggregates what various sources say on your chosen topic.Into the Lion’s Denwww.lionden.com/ap.htmWe told you to trust the textbook, didn’t we? That means that you can probably trustthe textbook’s author, too. This delightful site is maintained by a Missouri communitycollege professor who also happens to be coauthor of an anatomy and physiology textbook.Dr. Kevin T. Patton has been teaching the subject for more than two decades and has devel-oped a refreshingly gentle sense of humor along the way. His Web site is packed with studytips, downloadable PowerPoint slides, and guided tours of various anatomical systems.
The Venerable Gray’swww.bartleby.com/107When we refer to “Gray’s Anatomy,” we’re not talking about the popular TV series of asimilar name. We’re talking about the venerable reference book that dates back to 1858and is now online for quick and easy access. Included in the “virtual” Gray’s Anatomy ofthe Human Body are more than 1,200 color illustrations and a subject index with 13,000entries. If your textbook is missing critical illustrations, don’t worry; a quick keywordsearch on this Web site can reveal a number of relevant graphics for you to study.Alluring Anatomistswww.anatomy.orgThe American Association of Anatomists believes that anatomy is “truly the backboneof biomedical science.” With that in mind, the organization has put together an Ask theExpert feature that lets anyone — students and educators alike — query the group’sworking professionals. To access this feature, click the Education and Teaching Toolslink on the organization’s home page; then select Ask the Expert. (To view the answerto a particular posted question, click on the question.)From the Education and Teaching Tools page, you also can find a list of popular linksto various subspecialties, including cell biology, genetics, imaging, molecular develop-ment, endocrinology, forensics, and physical anthropology.Getting Body Smartwww.getbodysmart.comThis Web site is the brainchild and passion of an anatomy and physiology instructor,Scott Sheffield, who says in his site’s mission statement that he’s attempting to distilltwo decades of teaching into a single, fully animated and interactive e-book about thehuman body. In addition to “flash” windows that drill down into various systems,GetBodySmart offers free tutorials and quizzes to explain complex physiologicalinteractions. Sheffield readily acknowledges that his work will last “many years,”so perhaps the best is yet to come.Pop Quiz Centralmsjensen.education.umn.edu/webanatomyMurray Jensen, an associate professor at the University of Minnesota, conductsresearch on the use of technology in science education. His Web site is both an out-growth of his research and a source of ideas for it. As of this writing, the site consistsmostly of dozens of quizzes of varying lengths and difficulty. Treat this site like yourown personal flash card system and you’ll be head and shoulders above your fellowstudents.288Part VI: The Part of Tens
MEDTropolis – Virtual Bodywww.medtropolis.com/VBody.aspWhen you visit this site, click on English or Spanish, and then sit back and enjoy theshow. This site only covers the brain, skeleton, heart, and digestive tract, but its clear,concise three-dimensional representations of these organs and systems make it wortha look.Drilling, Drilling, Drilling Some Morematcmadison.edu/faculty/cshuster/wiley.htmlThis Web site links to an extensive set of anatomy drill and practice exercises main-tained by John Wiley and Sons (who also happens to be the publisher of this book).To work through the multiple-choice practice questions, you need to download theShockwave plug-in (if you don’t already have it), but that’s a small price to pay forsuch a useful site. Full-color images with blank labels give you the opportunity tofigure out which part is what and why; then you can clear your labels and begin againas often as you like.Human Biodyssey: Exploring Anatomy and Physiologywww.gwc.maricopa.edu/home_pages/crimando/jcHumanBiodyssey.htmThis page is the impressive work of Dr. James Crimando at Gateway CommunityCollege in Phoenix, Arizona. Dr. Crimando lists every scrap of information a studentneeds to succeed in his classes (or any anatomy and physiology class), includingextensive practice questions, lecture outlines, and quick summaries of class sessions.Regardless of whether you’re among Dr. Crimando’s students, his site is an incrediblyuseful receptacle for information about how the body is organized.List of Listswww.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/saladin/www.mhtmlTextbook author Kenneth Saladin uses a small portion of this site to provide descrip-tions of the last three versions of his anatomy and physiology textbooks. But thatdoesn’t begin to compare with what he has done pulling together resources from allover the Web in the Student Resources page we guide you to here. So much to see, solittle time!289Chapter 18: Ten (Plus One) Terrific Online Resources
Virtual Anatomylibrary.thinkquest.org/16421/noframes/index.htmBelieve it or not, this site was created by a trio of high school kids in San Antonio, Texas.The site’s capabilities are somewhat limited, but it contains some good interactiveanatomical practice areas and a couple of educational videos, too.290Part VI: The Part of Tens
• A •abdomen, lymph node region, 185abdominopelvic cavity, subserous fasciae, 102abducens (cranial nerve VI), pons, 245abduction, joint movement type, 83absorption, digestive system, 143accelerated mitosis, 42acetabulum, appendicular skeleton, 79acetylocholine transmitters, synaptic vesicles, 241acidic, pH level, 8acids, 11–13, 16, 18actin, 27, 53, 97action potential, 170–171, 240active transport, molecule transport method, 25actomyosin, skeletal muscles, 97adduction, joint movement type, 84adenine, DNA nitrogenous base, 13adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil), 135, 189adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 15adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 15adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 15adipose tissue, 17, 51adolescent, human growth stage, 229adrenal (suparenal) glands, 267, 270–271adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 268, 274afferent (inbound) vessels, lymph nodes, 184afferent (sensory) nerves, 98afferent (sensory) neurons, stimuli triggers, 238afferent arterioles, kidneys, 196afferent impulses, urination process, 201afferent, nerve type, 239aggregate glands, 189agminate glands, 189albinos, melanin deprivation, 115albumin, liver function, 156aldosterone, kidneys, 197alveoli, teeth openings, 146amino acids, 12, 18, 31amorphous ground substance, 51amphiarthrosis, symphysis joints, 83amphipathic molecules, cell membrane, 23ampulla, hearing sense, 257anabolic reactions, metabolism, 15anaerobic respiration, 16, 18anaphase, cellular mitosis, 38anaphase, meiosis stage, 211–212angiotensinogenase (renin), kidney secretion, 197anion, 8, 240anisotropic (A-bands), skeletal muscles, 97anoxia, oxygen deficiency, 130antagonists, muscle groups, 100anterior lobe, pituitary gland, 267anterior ramus, spinal nerves, 252anteroposterior end, pharynx, 135anthracosis (black lung), lung condition, 140antibodies, 12, 31, 185antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 197, 266, 268anvil (incus), middle ear, 257aorta, systemic circuit, 163–164aortic semilunar valve, left ventricle, 167apical foramen, root canal opening, 147apical surface, skin tissue, 47apocrine glands, integumentary system, 121–122appendicular skeleton, appendages, 79–82arachnoid meninx, brain ventricles, 247arachnoid, spinal cord, 244arachnoid villi, brain ventricles, 247arbor vitae (tree of life), cerebellum, 246archenteron, developing embryo, 143areolar (loose tissue), connective tissue type, 51arrector pili, hair muscle, 121arterioles, blood vessels, 172–173artificially created atoms, number of, 7aryepiglottic fold, larynx, 135arytenoids, larynx cartilage, 135ascending colon, large intestines, 157ascending loop of Henle, kidneys, 196association fibers, medulla, 247association (internuncial) neurons, 238asters (astral rays), 38, 211atlas bones, cervical (neck) curvature, 70atretic follicles, female reproductive system, 220atria, heart chamber, 163, 166–167atrioventricular , 170–171atrioventricular opening, 166–167atrium, respiratory system, 137auditory meatus bone, axial skeleton, 69auditory ossicles, middle ear, 257auricle, external ear, 256autonomic nervous system, 69, 253–255avascular (non-vascular), nerve state, 52axillary region, apocrine sweat glands, 122axis bones, cervical (neck) curvature, 70axon collaterals, neurons, 238axon hillock, neurons, 238axons (nerve fibers), 55, 238–241• B •B cells, lymph nodes, 185ball-and-socket, synovial joint classification, 83barrier, epithelial tissue function, 47basal side, epithelial tissues, 47base, defined, 8basic, pH level, 8beta cells (B cells), islets of Langerhans, 272biconcave, eyes, 256bicuspid (mitral) valve, 167bicuspids, teeth, 146bile, gallbladder storage, 155biliary canaliculi, liver, 156bilirubin, liver production, 156Index
biliverdin, liver production, 156bipennate fibers, muscle direction, 102bipolar, sensory neuron classification, 238bladder, urinary system, 199blastocoele, female reproductive system, 226–227blastula (blastocyst), 226–227blood cell formation, skeletal system function, 61blood sugar (glucose), monosaccharide, 11–12body fat, adipose tissue, 17bolus (food mass), swallowing process, 151bone (osseous) tissue, connective tissue, 52bouton terminal, axons, 241brachial plexus, spinal nerves, 253brain, 243–251breastbone (sternum), axial skeleton, 70breathing (pulmonary ventilation), 129bronchi, trachea, 137bronchial arteries, lungs, 138bronchioles, respiratory system, 137bronchomediastinal region, lymphatic trunks, 183Brownian motion, molecule transport method, 24Brunner’s glands, duodenum, 154buccal pad, cheeks, 146buccinator muscles, cheeks, 146bulb, hair base, 120bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands, males, 200, 209bursae, 83, 113bursitis, joints, 83• C •calcification, developing fetus, 63–64calcitonin, thyroid gland, 271calcium, bone composition, 63canaliculi, connective tissues, 52canals, internal ear, 257canthi, eyes, 256capillaries, 137, 172–173carbohemoglobin, exhalation process, 130–131carbohydrate metabolism, 16–17cardiac (myocardium), muscle tissue type, 53–54cardiac glands, stomach, 152cardiac muscle tissue, muscle classification, 96cardiac region, stomach, 151carina, trachea, 137carotene, epidermis pigment, 115carpal bones, appendicular skeleton, 79carpals (wrists), short bones, 63carrier proteins, active transport, 25cartilage, 52, 64, 70cartilaginous joints, forms, 83caruncula, eyes, 246catabolic reactions, metabolism, 15catalysts, enzymes, 15cation, 8, 240caudate lobe, liver, 155cavernous urethra, males, 200CDC (cell division cycle), cells, 33–34cecum, 155, 157cell body, neurons, 238cell membrane, 23–25cell nucleus, largest cellular organelle, 26cell-cell stimulating hormone (ICHS), 268cellular metabolism, 15cellular mitosis, 38–39cellular respiration, gas exchange process, 129cellular respiration reactions, 16–17cementum, tooth element, 147central canal, spinal cord, 244central nervous system. See nervous systemcentral nervous system, motor (efferent) nerve, 98centrioles, 27, 211centromere, prophase, 38centrosome, 27cerebellar hemispheres, cerebellum, 246cerebral aqueduct, 245–247cerebral cortex, cerebrum, 246cerumen (earwax), 122, 256ceruminous glands, 122, 256cervical (neck) curvature, bones, 70cervical nerves, 251–252cervical plexus, spinal nerves, 253channel proteins, molecule transport method, 24cheekbone (zygomatic), axial skeleton, 69cheeks, buccinator muscles, 146chest (pectoral) girdle, 79–82chest (thoracic) curvature, bones, 70chief cells, stomach lining, 152choanae, nasal cavity, 132cholesterol molecules, cell membrane, 23choline acetylase enzyme, synaptic vesicles, 241cholinesterase enzyme, neurons, 241chondrin, cartilage tissues, 52chondroblasts, cartilage, 52chondrocytes, cartilage, 52chordae tendineae, right ventricle, 167chorionic gonadotropin, nonsteroid hormone, 266choroid, eyes, 256choroid plexus, 246–247chromanemata (chromatin network), 211chromatids, 211, 238chromatin networks, DNA packaging, 26chromatin, prophase, 38chromonemata. See chromatinchromosomes, 26, 37–39, 42, 211–213, 224chyle cistern, thoracic duct, 183cilia, 27, 47, 220ciliary body, eyes, 256circulatory system, 163–174circumdaction, joint movement type, 84cisterna, sub-arachnoid spaces, 244classes, muscle levers, 101clavicle (collarbone), skeletal system, 61clitoris, female reproductive system, 221coccygeal nerves, 251–252coccyx (tailbone), 70, 79, 243cochlea, internal ear, 257cochlear canal, internal ear, 257coelom, female reproductive system, 220collagen, connective tissues, 51colloid, cytoplasm mixtures, 27colostrum, female reproductive system, 229columnar, epithelial tissue shape, 48commissural fibers, 246–247292Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies
common bile duct, liver, 155conduction system, heart, 170–172conductivity, neuron property, 238conductor cells, nervous system, 237condyle, bone landmark, 64condyloid, synovial joint classification, 83cones, eyes, 256contractility, muscle characteristic, 93contraction, muscle theory, 97–99conus arteriosus, right ventricle, 167conus medullaris, spinal cord end, 243coordination, nervous system function, 237cornea, eyes, 256corniculates, larynx cartilage, 135corona radiata, female reproductive system, 220coronal, axial skeleton, 69coronary arteries, left ventricle, 167coronary sinus, right atrium opening, 166corpora atretica, female reproductive system, 220corpora quadrigemina, midbrain, 245corpus albicans, female reproductive system, 220corpus callosum, cerebrum, 246–247corpus cavernosum penis, males, 209corpus luteum, female reproductive system, 220corpus spongiosum penis, males, 209cortex, 121, 184corticotropin, pituitary gland, 268corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 274cortisol, steroid hormone, 265costal cartilage, sternum, 70covalent bond, organic molecules, 10Cowper’s (bulbourethral) glands, males, 200Cowper’s glands, male reproductive system, 209cranial bones, mnemonic, 284cranial nerve X (10th cranial nerve), 245cranial nerves, 245–246craniosacral system. See parasympathetic systemscrest, bone landmark, 64CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 274cribriform plate, 69, 132cricoid, larynx cartilage, 135crista terminalis, atria chamber, 166crown, tooth element, 146, 149cuboidal, epithelial tissue shape, 48cumulus oophorus, females, 220cuneiforms, larynx cartilage, 135curvatures, vertebral column, 70cuticle (eponychium), 121cystic duct, liver, 155cytochromes, electron transport chain, 16cytocrine secretion, epidermis, 115cytokinesis, 39, 211cytoplasm, 23, 27–28, 37, 39cytosine, DNA nitrogenous base, 13cytoskeleton, fibrous proteins, 27cytosol, 23, 27• D •dartos tunic (inner skin layer), scrotum, 208deep fasciae, muscles, 102dehydration synthesis, 11delta cells (D cells), islets of Langerhans, 272dendrites, 54–55, 119, 238–239dental arches, mouth region, 146dentin, tooth element, 147deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 13, 26deoxyribose, nucleotides, 13dermis, 51, 113–116diabetes mellitus, pancreatic disease, 156diaphragm, phrenic nerve, 130diaphysis, bones, 63diastole, heart relaxation, 165diencephalon, brain division, 246diffusion process, 24, 181digestive system, 143–148, 151–157diploid cells (2N), meiosis, 211disaccharides, carbohydrate subcategory, 11diseases, respiratory system, 139–140distal convoluted tubule (DCT), kidneys, 196distension, swallowing process, 151DNA molecules, hydrogen bonds, 11dorsal ramus, spinal nerves, 252dorsal root ganglion, spinal nerves, 251–252dorsal root, spinal nerves, 251–252dorsum, oral cavity, 147ducts, lymphatic system, 181–184ductules (efferent ducts), males, 208ductus venosus, fetal circulation, 174dura matter, spinal cord, 244• E •ears, 69–70, 122, 256–257eccrine glands, integumentary system, 121–122ectoderm (outer germinal layer), 143, 2226ectopic pregnancy, females, 221effector cells, nervous system, 237efferent (motor) nerve, muscle impulse, 98efferent (motor) neurons, 238efferent (outbound) vessels, lymph nodes, 184efferent arterioles, kidneys, 196efferent ducts (ductules), males, 208efferent impulses, urination process, 201efferent, nerve type, 239electrically polarized, neuron membranes, 240electron transport chain, 15–17electrons, 7–11eleidin, stratum lucidum, 114embryology, females, 226–227embryonic disk (embryoblast), females, 226empyema, lung condition, 137endocardium, heart layer, 164–165endocrine gland, pancreas, 156endocrine system, 265–276endoderm (inner germinal layer), 143, 226endolymph, cochlear canal, 257endometrium, female reproductive system, 220endomysium, muscle fibers, 99endoneurim, areolar connective tissue, 240endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cell organelle, 28endosteum, bone membrane, 64enterocrinin hormone, small intestines, 154enterokinase, small intestines, 155293Index
enzymes, 12, 15, 21, 154–157, 197ependyma, ventricle lining, 247epicardium, heart layer, 164–165epidermal layers, mnemonic, 283epidermis, integumentary system, 113–115epididymis, sperm storage, 208epiglottis, larynx cartilage, 135epimysium, muscle fibers, 99epinephrine, nonsteroid hormone, 266epineurium, nerve fiber connective tissue, 240epiphyseal plate, uncalcified cartilage, 64epiphyses, long bones, 63epithalamus, diencephalon, 246epithelial tissues, 47–48.equations, chemical reactions, 11erepsins (proteolytic enzymes), 155erythrocytes (red blood cells), 52, 61esophagus, 144, 151estrogen, female reproductive system, 220estrogen, steroid hormone, 265ethmoid bone, axial skeleton, 69eukaryotes, eukaryotic cells, 23Eustachian tube, middle ear, 257eversion, joint movement type, 84exhalation, respiration process, 130exocrine glands, 156, 265extension, joint movement type, 83external auditory meatus, 256external ear, ear division, 256external (pulmonary) respiration, 129exteroceptors, sense receptor classification, 255extrafollicular cells, thyroid gland, 271extrapyramidal pathway, medulla oblongata, 245extrinsic muscles, tongue, 147eye sockets, axial skeleton, 69eyelids (palpebrae), eyes, 256• F •F cells (PP cells), islets of Langerhans, 272facet, bone landmark, 64facial (cranial nerve VII), pons, 245facilitated diffusion, molecule transport, 24falciform ligament, liver, 155Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes), females, 219–220false ribs, axial skeleton, 70fascia, muscle sheath, 94fasciae, muscles, 102fasciculus, muscle fibers, 99fat-soluble compounds, steroids, 11fatty acids, lipids, 11–12faucial isthmus, oral cavity, 147female reproductive system, 219–233, 266–267femur (thigh bone), appendicular skeleton, 79fenestrations, kidneys, 196fertilization, females, 226–227fetus (developing), 63–64, 174, 226–228fibers, 51, 53, 94, 102, 115–116fibrillation, heart conduction system, 171fibrocartilage, connective tissues, 52fibrous pericardium, heart sac, 165fibrous tissue, joints, 83fibula bone, appendicular skeleton, 79filiform papillae, tongue surface, 147filum terminale, spinal cord, 243fimbriae, female reproductive system, 220–221fingernails, integumentary system, 121fissures, cerebrum, 246fixators, muscle groups, 100flagellum, 28, 214flat bones, skeletal system, 63flexion creases, epidermis, 115flexion, joint movement type, 83flexion lines, epidermis, 115floating ribs, axial skeleton, 70fontanels, soft spots, 64foramen (foramina), 64, 69foramen, axial skeleton, 69foramen of Monro, brain ventricles, 247foramen ovale, 69, 174foramina (foramen), 64, 69fornix, cerebrum, 247fossa, bone landmark, 64fossa ovalis, blue baby condition, 167frontal (forehead) bone, axial skeleton, 69frontal lobe, cerebrum, 247fructose, monosaccharide, 11–12function, muscle naming convention, 104fundic glands, stomach, 152fundus, female reproductive system, 221fungiform papillae, tongue surface, 148funiculi, spinal cord columns, 244• G •galactose, monosaccharide, 11–12gallbladder, bile storage, 155gap junctions, 170–171, 241gastric glands, stomach epithelium, 152gastrin hormone, stomach, 152gastrula, embryo stage, 143germinal centers, lymph nodes, 184germinal epithelium, females, 219germinal layer, epidermis, 115glands, 113–116, 121–122, 133, 145–146, 148, 152, 154,156, 209, 256, 265–276glenoid fossa, shoulder blades, 79glial cells, gap junctions, 241gliding, synovial joint classification, 83glomerular capsule, kidneys, 196glomerulus, kidneys, 196glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX), 245glucagon hormone, islets of Langerhans, 272glucose (blood sugar), monosaccharide, 11–12glucose metabolism, energy production, 16–17glycogen, polysaccharide, 11glycoprotein-based, nonsteroid hormone, 266glycosis, cellular respiration reaction, 16–17golgi apparatus, cell organelle, 28gonads, endocrine system, 271gray matter, spinal cord, 244greater curvature, stomach, 152greater omentum, stomach, 152294Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies
growth hormone (GSH), pituitary gland, 268growth, cell division reason, 37guanine, DNA nitrogenous base, 13gyri, cerebrum, 246• H •hair nerve endings, sense of touch, 119hammer (malleus), middle ear, 257haploid cells (1N), meiosis, 211heart block, heart conduction system, 171heart sac (pericardium), circulatory system, 164hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis), 61hemoglobin, 12, 52, 115, 130–131heparin, liver production, 156hepatic ducts, liver, 155hepatic parenchymal cells, liver, 173hepatic portal system, 173–174hilus, 184, 195–196hinge, synovial joint classification, 83holocrine (sebaceous) gland, hair secretions, 121homeostasis, 195, 253, 274homologous chromosomes, males, 211hormones, 11, 31, 63–64, 152, 154, 188, 220, 265–276hyaline cartilage, connective tissues, 52hydrochloric acid, parietal cell secretion, 152hydrogen bond, organic molecules, 11hydrolysis, 11hyoid bone, axial skeleton, 69hypertonic solutions, osmosis, 25hypodermis (superficial fascia), 113hypoglossal (cranial nerve XII), 245hypophyseal portal system, hypothalamus, 267hypophyseal tract, pituitary gland, 268hypophysis (pituitary) gland, 267–269hypothalamus, 246, 274hypotonic solutions, osmosis, 24hypoxia, low oxygen content, 130• I •ileocaecal valve, 155, 157incus (anvil), 69, 257inferior colliculus, midbrain, 245inferior nasal concha, axial skeleton, 69inferior venae cavae, 164, 166infundibulum, 220, 245, 267inner germinal layer (endoderm), 143insulin, 266, 272integration, nervous system function, 237integument (outer skin layer), scrotum, 208integumentary system, 113–116, 119–121intercalated discs, 53–54, 96, 170–171interkinesis, meiosis stage, 212interlobular veins, liver, 156intermediate filaments, cytoskeleton protein, 27intermediate mass, diencephalon, 246internal (systemic), respiration, 129internal sphincter, bladder, 199internuncial (association) neurons, 238interoceptors, sense receptor classification, 255interphase, 34, 38, 211–212intervertebral foramina spaces, 244–245intestinal trunk, lymphatic system, 183intracartilaginous (endochondral) ossification, 63–64intracellular matrix, adipose tissue, 51intramembranous ossification, skeletal system, 64intrinsic muscles, tongue, 147introitus, female reproductive system, 221invaginations, tonsil ridges, 189inversion, joint movement type, 84inverting enzymes, small intestines, 155involution, thymus gland process, 188iodine pump, thyroid gland, 271ionic bond, organic molecules, 10ischium, appendicular skeleton, 79isomers, molecule relationship, 11isometric contraction, muscles, 100isotonic contraction, muscles, 100isotopes, defined, 8isotropic (I-bands), skeletal muscles, 97isthmus, thyroid gland, 271• K •keratin, stratum corneum, 114keratinocytes, epithelial cell, 115keratohyalin, stratum granulosum, 115keto acids, Krebs cycle, 16kidneys, 195–198kinetochore fibers, prophase, 38• L •labia , 221lacrimal bone, axial skeleton, 69lacrimal glands (tear ducts), eyes, 133lactation, female reproductive system, 229lacteal, 155, 182lactic acid fermentation, body process, 18lactiferous ducts, female reproductive system, 229lactogenic hormone, pituitary gland, 268lactose, disaccharide, 11lacunae, 52, 63lambdoidal, axial skeleton, 69lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, 113laminae, 70, 135langerhans cells, stratum spinosum, 115larynx, throat component, 135left lymphatic duct, 63, 79–82lesser curvature, stomach, 152leukocytes (white blood cells), 52, 61levator muscles, swallowing process, 151lingual frenulum, tongue anchor, 147lingual tonsils, lymphatic system, 189lipid metabolism, adipose tissue, 17lipids, 11–12, 15liver, 155–156, 173–174lobes, lungs, 137lobules, 37, 188, 208longitudinal fibers, muscle direction, 102loose tissue (areolar), connective tissue type, 51lower extremities, lymph node region, 184–185lumbar lymphatic trunks, lymphatic system, 183295Index
lumbar nerves, 251–252lumbar (small of the back) curvature, bones, 70lumbosacral plexus, spinal nerves, 253lung capacity, vital capacity plus residual air, 130luteinizing hormone (LH), 220, 266, 268lymph capillaries, fluid collection, 182lymph glands, 184–187.lymph nodes, 184lymphatic system, 183–189lymphatic trunks, 183lymphatic vessels, 183lymphoblasts, fetal bone marrow production, 188lymphocytes (white blood cells), 133, 184–185lymphoid tissue, nasal cavity, 133lysosome, cell organelle, 28• M •macrophages, dermis, 116, 185maculae, hearing sense, 257magnesium, bone composition, 63major calyces, kidneys, 196malleus (hammer), 69, 257maltose, disaccharide, 11manubrium, sternum component, 70marrow, blood cell formation, 61mastoid sinuses, axial skeleton, 70mastoiditis, earache, 70matrix, cell material, 23maxillary sinuses, 70, 133meatus, bone landmark, 64medial border, kidneys, 195mediastinum, respiratory system, 130mediastinum testis, males, 208medical terminology, study method, 284medulla, 121, 196, 247medullary cavity, bones, 63meiosis (spermatogenesis), 208, 211–213, 224melanin, skin color contributor, 115melanocytes-stimulating (MSH), 266melanocytes, stratum basale, 115membrana granulosa, females, 220membranous urethra, males, 200menarche, female growth stage, 229–230meningeal artery, foramen spinosum, 69meninges, spinal cord, 244menopause, female growth stage, 229mesoderm, female reproductive system, 226messenger RNA (mRNA), 26–31metabolism, 15–18metaphase I, meiosis stage, 211–212metaphase II, meiosis stage, 212–213metaphase, cellular mitosis, 38metarterioles, blood vessels, 172–173metatarsals, appendicular skeleton, 79microfilaments, cytoskeleton protein, 27microtubules, cytoskeleton protein, 27microvilli, 47, 155micturition, urination process, 201midbrain, brain division, 245–246middle ear, mastoid sinuses, 70mineral storage, skeletal system function, 61minimal air, adult capacity, 130minor calyx, kidneys, 196miotic spindle, prophase, 38mitochondria, cells, 16mitochondrion, cell organelle, 28mitosis, 34, 37–39, 42mitosis division, meiosis, 211mitral (bicuspid) valve, 167mixed, nerve type, 239mixed spinal nerve, spinal cord, 251–252mnemonic device, study method, 283–284modified amino acids, 266monocytes, lymph nodes, 185monopolar, sensory neuron classification, 238monosaccharides, 11–12mons pubis, female reproductive system, 221morphogenesis, developing embryo, 94morula, female reproductive system, 226–227motor end plate (synapse), muscle stimulus, 98motor nerves, muscles, 94motor unit, muscle stimulus, 98movement, 61, 93mucin, mucous cell secretion, 152mucosa, stomach lining, 152mucous cells, stomach lining, 152multinucleated, skeletal muscle tissue, 53multipennate fibers, muscle direction, 102multipolar, motor neuron classification, 238murmurs, defective heart sounds, 171muscle tissues, 53, 54muscle twitch, muscle contraction, 100muscles, 93–102, 121, 146–147, 151, 163–165musculi pectinati, atria chamber, 166mutations, cell division error, 42myelin, axon layer, 239myelin sheath, nerves, 239, 240myocardium (cardiac), 53–54, 164–165myocytes, muscle tissues, 53myofibrils, muscle tissues, 53, 94myogenesis, developing embryo, 94myometrium, female reproductive system, 221myosin, 53, 97• N •nares, nostrils, 132nasal bone, axial skeleton, 69nasal cavity, 132–133nasal ducts, serous fluid, 133nasal fossae, nasal cavity, 132nasopharynx, nasal cavity, 133neck (cervical) curvature, bones, 70neonate, newborn development stage, 229neoplasm, cell division error, 42nephrons, kidneys, 196nerve fibers (axons), neurons, 238–240nerve tissues, 54–55nerves, 98, 130, 132, 239, 247–248, 251–252, 254nervous system, 237–264neurilemmal sheath, nerve cell fibers, 239neurofibrillae, neurons, 238neurohypophysis, pituitary gland, 268296Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies
neurolemma, peripheral nerve membrane, 240neuromere, spinal cord, 251neuron cells, nerve tissue, 54–55neurons, 237–240neutrons, subatomic particle, 7–8nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide (NAD), 16nondisjunction, cell mutation type, 42nonmyelinated nerve fibers, body organs, 239nonpolarized fatty acid molecules, 23nonsteroids, hormone classification, 265–266non-vascular (avascular), nerve state, 52norepinephrine, nonsteroid hormone, 266nuclear envelope, cell nucleus, 26nuclear lamina, cell nucleus, 26nucleic acids, organic compound, 13nucleolus, RNA molecule storage, 26nucleoplasm, cell nucleus, 26nucleotides, nucleic acids, 13nucleus, 7–8, 23• O •occipital bone, axial skeleton, 69occipital lobe, cerebrum, 247oculomotor cranial nerve III), midbrain, 246oil glands (sebaceous glands), dermis, 116olecranon (funny bone), appendicular skeleton, 79olfactory nerve, nasal cavity, 132olfactory receptors, cribriform plate, 69olfactory region, nasal cavity, 132oligodendrocytes, myelinated nerve fibers, 239oocyte, 211, 220optic chiasm, hypothalamus, 246optic disc, eyes, 256optic foramen, axial skeleton, 69optic nerve, 69, 256oral cavity, 8, 146–148orbits, electrons, 8organelles, 23, 27organic compounds, 11–13organic elements, 7organogenesis, fetal development, 227organs, 99, 188–189, 241oropharynx. See faucial isthmusos coxae, appendicular skeleton, 79osmolarity 24osmoreceptors, hypothalamus, 268osmosis, molecule transport method, 24–25ossein, adult bone protein, 63osseous (bone) tissue, connective tissue, 52ossification, skeletal system, 63–64osteoblasts, 63osteocytes, 52, 63ostia, nasal sinuses, 133otoliths, hearing sense, 257outer germinal layer (ectoderm), 143ovaries, females, 219, 221oxidation-reduction reactions, metabolism, 15oxidized, chemical reaction, 15oxyhemoglobin, oxygen transport, 130–131• P •pacinian corpuscles, sense of touch, 119palatine bone, axial skeleton, 69palatoglossal arch, oral cavity, 147palatopharyngeal arch, oral cavity, 147palpebrae (eyelids), eyes, 256pancreas, 156, 267, 272Paneth cells, small intestines, 155papillae, 115–116, 147–148papillary muscles, right ventricle, 167paranasal sinuses, axial skeleton, 70parasympathetic systems, 253–255parathormone, parathyroid gland, 271parathyroid gland, 64, 267, 271parathyroid hormone (PTH), 266, 271parietal bone, axial skeleton, 69parietal cells, stomach lining, 152parietal lobe, cerebrum, 247parietal pleura, lungs, 137parotid gland, cheeks, 146pars distal (anterior lobe), females, 220patella (kneecap), appendicular skeleton, 79pectinate muscles, atria chamber, 166pectoral (chest) girdle, 79–82pedicles, axial skeleton, 70pelvic (hip), girdle, appendicular skeleton, 79–82pelvis, lymph node region, 185pennate fibers, muscle direction, 102pepsinogen, chief cell secretion, 152peptide-based, nonsteroid hormone, 266perception, nervous system function, 237pericardial space, pericardial fluid, 165pericardium (heart sac), circulatory system, 164perichondrium, cartilage tissues, 52perilymph fluid, internal ear, 257perimenopause, female growth stage, 230perineurium, nerve fiber connective tissue, 240perinuclear cisterna, cell nucleus, 26periodontal membrane, 147periosteum, 63, 133perirenal fat, kidneys, 195peristalsis, 93, 151peritoneal cavity, subserous fasciae, 102peritubular capillary bed, kidneys, 196phagocytes, lymph nodes, 185phagocytic cells, 52, 173phalanges (finger bones), 79pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), 135, 189pharyngopalatine. See palatopharyngealpharynx, 133, 135, 144phospholipid molecules, cell membrane, 23phospholipids, lipids, 11phosphorylation, glocolysis process, 16phrenic nerve, diaphragm, 130pia-arachnoid, spinal cord, 244pia mater, spinal cord, 244pineal gland, endocrine system, 267, 271pituicytes, pituitary gland, 268pituitary (hypophysis) gland, 69, 197, 267pivot (rotary), synovial joint classification, 83platelets (thrombocytes), 52, 61297Index
pleural cavity, lungs, 37plexus, spinal nerves, 253plicae circularis, small intestines, 155polar bodies, female reproductive system, 213polar bond, organic molecules, 10–11polarity, epithelial tissues, 47polypeptides, amino acids, 12, 31polysaccharides, carbohydrate subcategory, 11pons, brain division, 245pores, cell nucleus, 26posterior lobe, pituitary gland, 268potential of hydrogen (pH), defined, 8prickle cells, stratum spinosum, 115primary bronchus, respiratory system, 137primary follicles, female reproductive system, 219prime movers, muscle groups, 100primordial follicles, females, 219principal cavity, heart atria, 166proctodaeum, developing embryo, 143progesterone, female reproductive system, 220progesterone, steroid hormone, 265projection fibers, medulla, 247prolactin (PRL), 229, 266, 268pronation, joint movement type, 84prophase, cellular mitosis, 38prophase, meiosis stage, 211–212proprioceptors, 119, 255prostate gland, males, 209prostatic urethra, males, 200, 209protein-based, nonsteroid hormone, 266protein metabolism, amino acid production, 18proteins, 12, 15, 24–25, 27, 31, 61, 63, 97, 114, 154–157proteolytic enzymes (erepsins), 155proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), kidneys, 196pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, 48pubis, appendicular skeleton, 79pulmonary arteries, lungs, 138pulmonary circuit, circulatory system, 163–164pulmonary veins, 163–164, 167pulmonary ventilation, 129pyloric glands, stomach, 152pyloric sphincter, stomach, 152pylorus, stomach, 152pyramids, medulla oblongata, 245pyruvic acid, glocolysis process, 16• R •radiate fibers, muscle direction, 102radius bone, appendicular skeleton, 79raphe, scrotal ridge, 208reactants, defined, 11receptor cells, nervous system, 237reciprocally concavo-convex, synovial joints, 83rectum, large intestines, 157red blood cells (erythrocytes), 52, 61red pulp, spleen, 188reduction division, meiosis, 211reflex arcs, peripheral nervous system, 251renal artery, kidneys, 195–196renin (angiotensinogenase), kidney secretion, 197replication, hydrogen bonds, 11reproductive systems, 207–217, 219–233respiratory centers, medulla oblongata, 130respiratory region, nasal cavity, 132–133respiratory system, 129–140reticular (net-like) fibers, lymph nodes, 184reticular formation, medulla oblongata, 245reticular layer, dermis, 116reticular tissues, connective tissue type, 51retroperitoneal, kidneys, 195rhinitis (common cold), lung condition, 140rib cage, thoracic (chest) curvature, 70ribosomes, 26, 28rickets, soft bone, 64right lymphatic duct, lymphatic trunk, 183roots, spinal nerves, 251–252rotary (pivot), synovial joint classification, 83rotation, joint movement type, 84rough, ER (endoplasmic reticulum) type, 28rubrospinal tract, midbrain, 246rugae, 151, 199• S •S (synthesis), interphase subphase, 38saccule, hearing sense, 257sacral nerves, 251–252sacroiliac joint, appendicular skeleton, 79sacrum, 70, 79saddle, synovial joint classification, 83sagittal, axial skeleton, 69salatory conduction, myelinated nerve fibers, 240salivary glands, 145, 148sarcomeres, skeletal muscles, 97sarcoplasm, 53, 94scapulae, flat bones, 63sciatic nerve, spinal cord, 253sclera, eyes, 256sebaceous (holocrine) gland, hair secretions, 121sebaceous glands (oil glands), dermis, 116secondary bronchi, respiratory system, 137secretion, epithelial tissue function, 48seesaw (Class I), muscle levers, 101selective permeability, cell membrane, 23sella turcica (Turk’s saddle), 69, 267seminal vesicles, male reproductive system, 208seminiferous tubules, sperm production, 208semi-permeable, neuron membranes, 240senescence, human growth stage, 230sensation, epithelial tissue function, 48sense receptors, nervous system, 255sensory (afferent) nerves, 98sensory (afferent) neurons, stimuli triggers, 238septa (traveculae), 184, 208septum, 132, 163septum pellucidum, brain ventricles, 247serous fluid, nasal ducts, 133shin bone (tibia), appendicular skeleton, 79sigmoid colon, large intestines, 157silcosis, lung condition, 139simple columnar ciliated epithelium, 48simple cuboidal epithelium, 48simple (single-layer), epithelial tissue, 48simple diffusion, molecule transport method, 24298Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies
simple squamous epithelium, 48sinoatrial node, heart conduction system, 170–171sinus vernarum cavarum, atria chamber, 166sinuses, 70, 132–134, 172–173skeletal (striated), muscle tissue type, 53–54skeletal muscle tissue, muscle classification, 96skeletal system, 61–82skin, 8, 113–126small intestine, 133, 154–155smooth, ER (endoplasmic reticulum) type, 28smooth muscle tissue, 53–54, 95–96sockets, teeth openings, 146soft palate, oral cavity, 147soft spots, fontanels, 64sol, colloid mixture, 27solutes, osmosis, 24solvents, osmosis, 24soma, neurons, 238somatotropic hormone, pituitary gland, 268sounds, processing steps, 257spermatic cord, male reproductive system, 208spermatocyte, diploid cell, 211spermatogenesis (meiosis), males, 208, 211–213sphenoid bone, axial skeleton, 69sphenoid sinuses, respiratory system, 133sphincter fibers, muscle direction, 102spinal cord, 69, 243–245, 351–253spinal reflexes, peripheral nervous system, 251spindles, male reproductive system, 211spine, bone landmark, 64spinous layer, epidermis, 115spinous process, axial skeleton, 70spleen, 188, 284spongy urethra, males, 200squamosal, axial skeleton, 69squamous, epithelial tissue shape, 48stapes (stirrup), 69, 237sternocostal (front) surface, right ventricle, 167sternum (breastbone), 63, 70steroids, 11, 265–266stimulus, muscles, 98stirrup (stapes), 69, 257stomach, 144, 151–154stomodaeum, developing embryo, 143stratified, epithelial tissue, 48stratum basale (stratum germinativum), 115stratum corneum, epidermis layer, 114stratum granulosum, epidermis layer, 115stratum lucidum, epidermis layer, 114stratum spinosum, epidermis layer, 115striated (skeletal), muscle tissue type, 53–54stroma, 184, 219subcutaneous tissue, integumentary system, 113subdural spaces, spinal cord, 244sublingual glands, mouth, 146sublingular salivary glands, oral cavity, 148sublobular veins, liver, 156submandibular salivary glands, oral cavity, 148submaxillary glands, mouth, 146submaxillary salivary glands, oral cavity, 148subphases, interphase, 38subserous fasciae, muscles, 102substrates, enzymes, 15, 154subthalamus, diencephalon, 246sulci, 164, 246sulcus, bone landmark, 64sulcus terminalis, 148, 166superficial fascia (hypodermis), 113superficial fasciae, muscles, 102superior colliculus, midbrain, 245superior vena cava, right atrium opening, 166superior venae cavae, systemic circuit, 164supination, joint movement type, 84support, skeletal system function, 61sutures, axial skeleton, 69sweat glands, integumentary system, 121–122sympathetic systems, 253–255symphysis joints, cartilaginous joint, 83symphysis pubis, appendicular skeleton, 79synapse (motor end plate), muscle stimulus, 98synapses, nervous system element, 241synaptic vesicles, acetylcholine transmitters, 241synchondrosis articulation, joints, 83synergists, muscle groups, 100synovial joints, 83systemic circuit, circulatory system, 163–164systemic (internal) respiration, 129systole, heart contraction, 165• T •T cells, lymph nodes, 185taenia coli, large intestines, 157tail bone (coccyx), 70, 79, 243target cells, endocrine system 265target tissues, endocrine system, 265tarsals (ankles), 63, 79teleceptors, sense receptor classification, 255telophase, cellular mitosis, 39telophase, meiosis stage, 212–213temperature receptors, integumentary system, 119temporal bones, axial skeleton, 69temporal lobe, cerebrum, 247tensor muscles, swallowing process, 151terminal conducting fibers, Purkinje fibers, 170tertiary bronchi, respiratory system, 137testes, male reproductive system, 208tetrad, male reproductive system, 211thalamus, 246thigh bone (femur), appendicular skeleton, 79thoracic (chest) curvature, bones, 70thoracic duct, lymphatic trunk, 183thoracic nerves, 251–252thorax, lymph node region, 185throat, respiratory system, 134–137thrombocytes (platelets), 52, 61thymic corpuscles, thymus gland, 188thymine, DNA nitrogenous base, 13thymosin, thymus gland, 188, 271thymus gland, 185, 188, 267, 271thyroid gland, 135, 267, 271thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 268thyrotropic hormone, pituitary gland, 268thyroxin, thyroid gland, 268, 271tibia (shin bone), appendicular skeleton, 79299Index
tissues, 47–55tone (tonus), muscle tension, 94, 100–101tonus (tone), muscle tension, 94, 100–101totipotent embryonic stem cells, females, 226trabecula, muscle fibers, 99trabeculae carneae, right ventricle, 167trachea (windpipe), respiratory system, 137transfer RNA (tRNA), proteins, 31transverse colon, large intestines, 157transverse processes, axial skeleton, 70transverse system (T-system), 98traveculae (septa), lymph nodes, 184tree of life (arbor vitae), cerebellum, 246tricuspid valve, 166–167trigeminal (cranial nerve V), 69, 245trigone, bladder, 199triiodothyronine, thyroid gland, 268, 271trochanter, bone landmark, 64trochlear (cranial nerve IV), midbrain, 246trophoblast, female reproductive system, 226–227tropic hormones, endocrine system, 267true brain, 246true ribs, axial skeleton, 70trunk (pulmonary artery), 163–164, 167TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 268T-system (transverse system), 98tubercle, bone landmark, 64tuberosity, bone landmark, 64tubuli recti, male reproductive system, 208tubulin proteins, microtubules, 27tumors, neoplasm, 42tunica adventitia, 219tunica albuginea, 208, 219tunica, blood vessel wall, 172tympanic canal, internal ear, 257tympanic membrane (eardrum), external ear, 256• U •ulna bone, appendicular skeleton, 79umbilical vein, fetal circulation, 174uncalcified cartilage, epiphyseal plate, 64unipennate fibers, muscle direction, 102upper extremities, lymph node region, 184–185uracil, RNA (ribonucleic acid), 13urethra, 199–200urinary system, 195–201uriniferous tubules, kidneys, 196uterus, female reproductive system, 221utricle, hearing sense, 257uvea, eyes, 256uvula, soft conical process, 147• V •vacuoles, cell organelle, 28vagus, medulla oblongata, 245vallate papillae, tongue structure, 148vas deferens, male reproductive system, 208vasa vasorum, blood vessels, 173vasoconstrictors, kidneys, 197vasopressin, pituitary gland, 268velum. See greater omentumvena cava, systemic circuit, 164vena cavae, atria chamber, 166venous blood, pulmonary arteries, 138ventral root, spinal nerves, 251–252ventricles, 163, 167, 247venules, blood vessels, 172–173vermiform appendix, large intestines, 157vermis, cerebellum, 246vertebrae, irregular bones, 63vestibule, 132, 146–147vestibulocochlear (cranial nerve VIII), 245, 257villi, small intestines, 155viscearal pleura, lungs, 137viscera, 53, 185visceral pericardium, heart layer, 164vital capacity, adults, 130vital organs, muscle functions, 93vitamin A, fat-soluble compound, 11vitamins, liver storage, 156vitreous humor, eyes, 256vomer, axial skeleton, 69vulva, female reproductive system, 221• W •walls, blood vessels, 172–174water, 10–11, 23, 63wheelbarrow (Class II), muscle levers, 101white blood cells (leukocytes), 52, 61white blood cells (lymphocytes), 184white matter, spinal cord, 244white pulp, spleen, 188white rami, sympathetic nerves, 254windpipe (trachea), respiratory system, 137wrists (carpals), short bones, 63• Z •Z-line, skeletal muscles, 97zygomatic (cheekbone), axial skeleton, 69zygote (fertilized egg), 213, 224300Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies
